Geography 200, Exam 1

Particular people in particular places concentrate on the production of particular goods

Alfred Weber

Deconcentration

Process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities

Where? and Why where?

• 1. Landmasses and Oceans
• 2. Geographic Realms
• 3. Geographic Realms
• 4. Subregions, Domains, and Districts

The basic spatial unit in our world regionalization scheme. Each realm is defined in terms of its total human geography- a composite of its leading cultural, economic, historical, political, and appropriate environment features.

The components and interactions of a functional region, which is defined by the areal extent of those interactions.

A region marked less by its sameness than its dynamic internal structure; because it usually focuses on a central node, also called nodal region or focal region.

The production of particular goods or services as a dominant activity in a particular location.

Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. Macroscale refers to a large area of national proportions; microscale refers to a local area no bigger than a county.

An area of spatial change where the peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join; marked by a gradual shift in the characteristics that distinguish these neighboring geographic entities from one another.

Map by Wladimir Koppen and Rudolf Geiger that represents climatic regions through a system of letter symbols.

Humid Equatorial; high temperatures all year and heavy precipation

substantial amounts of rainfall every month

annual wet monsoon, marking a sudden enormous increase in precipitation

tropical rainforest

peninsular India, coastal area of West Africa, and sections of Southeast Asia

savanna; wider daily and annual temperature range and a more strongly seasonal distribution of rainfall.

A special combination of cultural, physical, historical, economic, and organizational qualities.

As transition zones rather than razor-sharp lines.

According to selected criteria, specific meanings are assigned to certain areas.

Absolute location refers only to latitude and longitude, whereas relative location refers to a place in terms of its position relative to other regions.

Formal regions are marked by internal homogeneity; functional regions are defined by their structuring as spatial systems.

Non-uniform regions are marked by a set of integrated activites that interconnect their various parts.

The recently proven theory that the Earth's crust consists of a set of rigid plates that are in motion, producing great stresses at their boundaries.

The relative warm spells that separate glaciations.

The hydrologic cycle is most efficient in high heat and humidity- carrying larger amounts of evaporated ocean water to fall as rain.

Humid tropical climtes that are high-heat and high-moisture; important subtypes are rainforest, savanna, and monsoon climates.

Dryness is dominant, and they occur in lower, middle, and higher latitudes; semiarid steppe and arid dessert are the major subtypes.

Dry, true desert

dry, semiarid steppe

Humid, temperate, mid-latitude cliamtes; found in easter U.S., Western Europe, and elsewhere; Mediterranean climate is a major subtype.

humid temperate climates

just beyond the Tropics of Cancer and Capricon (23 1/2 degrees North and South latitude)

much of northwestern Europe and northwestern coast of North America, a climate zone oftern called Marine West Coast

Mediterranean climate with dry summers

Humid cold climates most prominent in the higher-latitude interiors of large Northern Hemisphere landmass; huge annual temperature ranges

Cfa

D climates

Cold polar cliamtes, differentiated into tundra and icecap subtypes.

in the Southern Hemisphere

Undifferentiated high-altitude climates of mountains at any latitude; much like the E climates... Highlands

In descending size: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Eastern North America.

China's Huang and Chang/ Yanzi river valleys; dominately rural population

India's Ganges Lowland, Pakistan, and all of Bangladesh; heavily rural

A central east-west poplulation axis, orientated to industrial resources and highly urbanized.

A pattern like the European cluster, dominated by metropolitan complexes along the northeastern U.S. seaboard.

Megalopolis

According to Carl Sauer, the composite imprints and forms superimposed on the physical landscape by human activites.

In numerous ways, because people are agents of change; their structures and artifacts progessively transform natural into cultural landscapes.

In 2008, more than 190 national states.

A state with a legally defined territory, inhabited by a population governed from a capital city by a representative government.

Studying the varied ways in which people earn a living, and how the goods and services they produce are spatially distributed and organized.

High income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low income.

Many countries, despite their overall level of income, display cores of development that resemble rich societies, and peripheries of extreme poverty.

Beyond a disadvantageous position in the global economic system, less advantaged countries exhibit political instability, corrupt leadership, misdirected priorities, and misused aid.

A geographic realm is a large regional unit based on broad multiple criteria- reflecting physical, economic, political, urban, historical, and population as well as cultural geography.

• Europe
• Russia
• North America
• Middle America
• South America
• Subsaharan Africa
• North Africa/ Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• East Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Austral Realm
• Pacific Realm

Some scholars insist it is the Ural Mountains, while others argue that all western Russia is a transition zone

Early on, rich soils, good fishing waters, domesticatable animals, and plentiful wood for building. Later, mineral fuels and ores made industrialization possible.

Forms the heart of Europe; a resource-ladden belt where Industrial Revoluations and cities emerged in the 19th century.

The Alps and their outliers (the Pyrenees and Carpathians) forming a high-mountain backbone

Rugged, older highlands often located along stormy oceanic fringes; represent earlier geological mountain building than the Apline system

Densest populations of the realm are found here; historic route of human contact and migration, yet much internal variation in generally low-lying terrain; also contains much of Europe's most productive agriculture and a multitude of navigable rivers.

The eastern Mediterranean formed the core of a large empire that was eventually defeated by Rome. Political science and philosophy, as well as architecture, sculpture, literature, and education marked early Greek society.

Politico-territorial organization on a much wider scale, extending from Britain to Persia and from the Black Sea to the lower Nile valley; internal diversity was a strength, fostering trade and exchange of ideas and innovations; unparalleled advances in agriculture, political, authority, urbanization, transportation, and development of local functional specialization.

Their language and its offshoots, Christianity, educational traditions.

Reviving monarchies, early nation-state formation, beginnings of overseas colonial empires, political nationalism, and renewed interest in Greek and Roman achievements.

The transformation of European agriculture through changes in land tenure, improvements in farming techniques, equipment, storage, and distribution systems.

Johann Heinrich von Thunen in 1826 introduced his model of commercial agricultural spatial organization which still applies to contemporary Europe at the macro-scale. Basically, agriculture will organize itself into a series of concentric zones around the major urban food market(s), with the most profitable farming activity location in each ring.

The rapid growth of mass manufacturing through mechanization that triggered far-reaching social and economic change, demographic transition, and mass urbanization.

"General" factors such as transport costs, and "special" factors such as perishability in the case of certain foods; "regional" factors (transport and labor costs), and "local" factors of agglomeration and deglomeration; transport costs were seen as highly critical, with industrial plants most attracted to locate at the lowest transport-cost site(s).

Monarchies gave way to republics, democracy flourished, and nationalism became the dominant political force.

A group of tightly knit people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states.

A political unit wherein the territorial state coincides with the area settled by a certain historical group of people, considering themselves to be a nation.

Centripetal forces unify a state; centrifugal forces are divisive or disunifying.

Nearly 75% of Europe's population lives in cities and towns.

According to Mark Jefferson's "law," a country's largest city that is simultaneously most expressive of the national culture and often the capital city as well

Benelux (1944) involved the economic association of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; EEC (1958) was the European Economic Community, originally comprised of France, (then West) Germany, Italy, and the Benelux nations. The countries of the European Union (EU) today are France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, the three Benelux countries, Finland, Austria, Sweden, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria.

Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

• 1) Rhone-Alpes region
• 2) Lombardy
• 3) Catalonia
• 4) Baden-Wurttemberg
• These sub national regions are hubs of economic power and influence which have developed direct linkages with one another, bypassing the capitals and governments of their countries.

As Ohmae states, a regional state is a sub national region with economic power that in its external relationships bypasses its national government, and deals directly with its blobal economic partners.

France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein

From the end of World War II (1945) until the reunification of Germany in 1990.

Site refers to the internal, local physical and other attributes of a place; situation is the geographical position of a place or its external locational qualities.

Belgium is a dominantly industrial country producing a large surplus of varied manufactured goods; the Netherlands is a largely agricultural country, producing substantial surpluses of several food commodities.

General term denoting a large multi-metropolitan complex formed by the coalescence of two or more major urban areas; the Randstad in the western Netherlands is an outstanding example.

The Dutch "edge-city" conurbation linking Amsterdamn, the Hague, and Rotterdam.

Zurich, the financial center, and Geneva, one of the worst international cities.

Vienna and the Danube. The river, thanks to pollution, is now iron gray and not blue.

It is the easternmost city of Western Europe, on the doorstep of transforming Eastern Europe.

Britain- containing England, Wales, and Scotland- and Ireland, which contains the Irish Republic (Eire) and Northern Ireland; all but Eire form the United Kingdom.

Affluent Southern England, struggling Northern England, individualistic Scotland, intractable Wales, and embattled Northern Ireland.

In the Midlands arc surrounding the southern Pennines (Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds), where coal was plentiful (and in the Northeast too, though to a lesser degree); London was not directly involved.

Respectively, Glasgow and Edinburgh

The Protestant majority, who constitute 54 percent of the residents, vs. the 45 percent who are Roman Catholic; the British are trying to prevent a civil war.

Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, and Estonia.

In southern Sweden, relief is lower and more manageable, soils are better, and the climate is milder.

Huge deposits of oil and natural gas in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea yield both fuel supplies and heightened export income.

Wood and wood products are the major exports. The manufacture of machinery, growth of staple crops, and telecommunications also play important roles.

Estonia shares close linguistic, ethnic, and historical-geographical ties with Finland.

Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, and Malta.

They are decidedly peripheral with large concentrations in productive coastal and riverine lowlands, with more recent growth of major industrial centers in northern Italy and Spain.

Urbanization lags considerably, reflecting agricultural bases of the pre-industrial era and higher population growth rates. Raw materials are lacking and must be imported from the European core.

Italy

The Po River Basin of the north, which focuses on Lombardy, contains the largest Italian city (Milan) and also belongs to Europe's core area.

This is the name for Italy's poverty-stricken and stagnant agricultural south (southeast of the Ancona Line).

Spain and Portugal

In Catalonia, in the northeast of the country.

It's economy is booming, and Greece is currently described as a locomotive for the Balkans. The country continues to face challenges in the post-2005 period.

The Turkish proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is north of the UN "Green Line," contains about 40 percent of Cyprus' territory, and has about 100,000 inhabitants. The south has 60 percent of the territory, about 900,000 inhabitants, and a more prosperous economy with strong links to Europe.

The fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile political unites. Because of the numerous cultures that have collided here, the resultant shattering of various cultural and political units has produced an especially fragmented ethnic map.

The forcible removal of entire populations from their homelands by a stronger power determined to take their territory.

Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, new Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Slonevia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and five former Soviet Republics (Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine)

Silesia is located in southwestern Poland, anchored by the cities of Krakow, Katowice, and Wroclaw

The Czech Republic's core area; the zone around Prague is one of the region's leading manufacturers and a cosmopolitan center with a rich history.

Ukraine is rich in industrial raw materials and contained the most productive environment for large-scale agriculture in the U.S.S.R.; Ukrainian mineral and energy deposits gave rise to the Donbas, until the 1990s one of Eurasia's leading regions of heavy manufacturing.

It was a federation divided up into six internal "republics," based on the Soviet model, each dominated (except Bosnia) by major ethnic group.

Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia.

It is the most remote area from the Serb domain; it is compact and ethnically homogeneous, and had a well developed economy.

In "European" Russia, west of the Ural mountains

The distribution of climatic conditions over the Earth's surface and the processes that shape this spatial arrangement.

Even in its most favorable areas, temperature extremes, variable and undependable rainfall, and short growing seasons make agriculture a challenge for Russians.

Across all of the "European" Russia as far east as the Urals; the Moscow Basin lies at its heart.

The Ob and the Irtysh.

Lake Baykal, the world's deepest.

In present day Ukraine, northwest of the Black Sea.

In the 16th century, when Czar Ivan the Terrible began to expel the Tatar conquerors.

They reached across Alaska, the western coast of Canada, and as far south as San Francisco Bay.

Peter opened up the Baltic frontier, built the capital of St. Petersburg, and developed ties with Europe.

Between 1917 and 1924, as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution that overthrew the czarist monarchy.

Minority peoples were generally moved eastward and replaced with Russians. This was termed Russification.

To speed industrialization and collective agriculture. Soviet planners hoped that efficient farming would free up the labor force necessary for industry.

1991

Mistrust between Moscow and subordinate areas, including increasing social disharmony.

The Russian Core and its peripheries west of the Urals, Southern Peripheries, the Eastern Frontier, Siberia, and the Far East.

Broadly speaking, the area lying between Russia's western border and the Ural Mountains on the east.

All definitions are subject to debate, but many geographers define it as the area centering on Moscow, and radiating from it in all directions for about 250 miles.

Moscow is by far the largest, with 10.9 million inhabitants; St. Petersburg (former Leningrad) is the second largest city, with 5.3 million.

Great reserves of petroleum and natural gas have been discovered; transportation has also been expanded- the Volga-Don Canal now directly connects the Volga waterway to the Black Sea.

It lies between the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east.

It is a jigsaw of languages, regions, and ethnic groups- an historical battleground for Christians and Muslims, Russians and Turks, Armenians and Persians.

Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, all former S.S.R.s of the Soviet Union.

Nagorno-Karabakh, inside neighboring Muslim Azerbaijan.

Abkhazian Autonomous Republic, Ajarian Autonomous Republic, and South Ossetian Autonomous Region.

Factional fighting destroyed Georgia's first elected government in 1991; conflict continues in South Ossetia as well as in Abkhazia.

The Shi'ite Muslim Azeris of Azerbaijan have much in common with their ethnic brethren in Northern Iran; irredentism may be a threat in the future.

Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh with the Armenians, and possibilities of Iranian and Turkish involvement in the dispute.

The United States has a much bigger population, but a smaller area; the U.S. population is widely dispersed, whereas the Canadian people are highly concentrated along their southern border.

A physically-uniform region in terms of topography, climate, vegetation, soils, and other environmental variables.

The relative dryness in areas downwind of mountain ranges, caused by orographic precipitation, wherein moist air masses are forced to deposit most of their water content in the highlands.

The dry and moist halves of the conterminous U.S., roughly divided by the transition zone along the 20-inch isohyet

Arid America contains grassland vegetation; Humid America contains forest vegetation.

Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario; the St. Lawrence River

The Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas rivers.

Over 13,000 years ago, by way of Alaska and most likely the Pacific.

The Europeans ruthlessly drove the Native Americans westward from the Atlantic and Gulf coats. After 50 years of war, what remained of Native American populations retained only 4% of U.S. Territory in the form of reservations.

The persistent drift of people and livelihood towards the South and West (the "Sunbelt").

The northern colony of New England, the Middle Atlantic area, and the southern Chesapeake Bay Colony.

It began in the 1870s, and within 50 years America was the leading industrial power in the world.

The American Manufacturing Belt, corner by the cities of St. Louis, Milwaukee, Boston, and Baltimore.

The Atlantic Seaboard Megalopolis (its Canadian equivalent is Main Street, stretching from Quebec City southward to Windsor).

The newly urbanized suburban ring, now coequal to the central city that spawned it; suburban down downtowns anchor the outer ring of the multi-centered metropolis; the urban realms generalization view today's metropolis as consisting of several self-sufficient sectors, each organized around its own downtown.

A local variation in a language spoken across a large area.

The ongoing fragmentation of American society into a plethora of narrowly-defined communities, not only along income, racial, and ethnic lines, but also according to age and lifestyle.

• (1) The extractive sector, especially mining and agriculture
• (2) manufacturing
• (3) services sector
• (4) information sector
• (5) managerial decision-making in large organizations

• Coal-Appalachia, the northern Great Plains, Midcontinent
• Petroleum (oil)- Gulf Coast, Midcontinent, and Alaska
• Natural Gas- Gulf Coast, Midcontinent, and Appalachia

Like modern Europe, the model fits at the macro-scale, with agricultural regions of decreasing intensity concentrically arranged with increasing distance from the central "supercity"- the northeastern Megalopolis.

In industrial location, the savings that accrue from large-scale production wherein the cost of manufacturing a single item decreases as the level of the operation enlarges.

Much of the activity to create high-tech "factories of the future" has been in the Midwest portion of the Manufacturing Belt.

High-technology, white-collar, office-based activites

A major university, high-skilled labor, close proximity to a cosmopolitan, urban area, abundant venture capital, an economic climate that supports risk-taking, a locally based network of global business linkages, and a high amenity environment with good housing, pleasant weather, and recreational opportunities.

A planned techno-industrial complex (like California's Silicon Valley) that innovates, promotes, and manufactures the products of the postindustrial economy.

Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland

Ontario and Quebec

In 1987, under the British North America Act.

English domination of Quebec's culture has been eliminated; a 1980 referendum rejected secession from Canada, but the idea was revived and a 1995 referendum almost resulted in the approval of secession. Movement is now declining.

Postindustrialism has caused massive underemployment in the manufacturing sector because new high-tech industries are not especially labor intensive.

More than 70 percent.

The Manufacturing Belt, now facing problems in keeping abreast of the realm-wide transition from industrial to postindustrial age.

Both are generally rural, possess difficult environments, and were historically bypassed in favor of more dynamic and fertile inland areas; although agriculture and fishing are no longer growth industries, tourism presents an opportunity in this scenic region.

Quebec, where over 85 percent of the people are French Canadian.

Uneven development has favored certain areas, left others untouched by recent progress much growth has occurred at the edges of the region; and Southern central cities increasingly face the problems of their Northern counterparts while their suburbs thrive.

The growing Anglo influence, the persistently Hispanic flavor of local cultures, and the sporadic Native American presence.

The fastest-growing metropolis in the U.S. is the Las Vegas Valley, with its boom triggered by Las Vegas' recreation industry, and economic development fueled by the influx of high-tech and professional service firms.

The west-coast region that forms an interface between North America and the Pacific Rim; it is the North American gateway to opportunities blossoming on the distant shores of the Pacific Basin.