EXAM 1

WHO DISCOVERED X-RAYS

WHEN

WHO DICOVERED POLNIUM & RADIUM

1898

_________ DEALS WITH THE CELL SENSITIVITY AT THE INSTANT OF THEIR DIVISION.

WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO DISTRIBUTE RADIATION

WHAT ARE 3 FORMS OF RADIATION PROTECTION

LINEAR ACCELERATOR'S WAS DEVELOPED IN _____ BY WIDEROE TO ______ ______ _____

SOTOPES HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF

COLBALT 60 HAS A  HALF LIFE OF

MAXIMUM DOSE IS ALSO KNOWN AS

A ______ ______ IS CAPABLE FO DUPLICATING THE GEOMETRY AND MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE RADATION TREATMETN MACHINE.

A ______ _______ PROVIDES A 3-DIMENSIONAL ASPECT TO TREATMENT PLANNING * ALLOWS US TO SEE THE PATIENTS SHAPE & TUMOR*
DETERMINES THE TRUE VOLUME, LOCATION AND VIEW THE OAR

_______ IS BASICALLY OUTLINIGN ORGANS & TUMOR VOLUME

WHAT DIRECTION IS THE X AXIS

WHAT DIRECTION IS THE Y AXIS

WHT DIRECTION IS THE Z AXIS

WHAT DOES MLC STAND FOR

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ATTENUATE

1 INCH =

SYMETRICAL JAWS MEAN ___________-

ASYMETRICAL JAWS MEAN =

THE DOSE DELIVERED TO A MEDIUM (PATIENT) DEPENDS ON 6 THINGS:

WHAT DOES SSD STAND FOR

THE LARGEST FIELD SIZE ON A TREATMENT MACHINE IS

THE UNIT OF DOSE IS

ABSORBED DOSE IS IN THE

EXPOSED DOSE IS IN THE

ENERGY / 4 =

______ IS THE ENERGY DEPOSITED AT A POINT IN A SMALL FIXED WEIGHT OF THE MATERIAL SURROUNDING THE POINT IN QUESTION

WHAT AR 3 METHODS OF DOSE DETERMINATION

___ ___ ___ IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE SURFACE AND D-MAX

tHE THICKNESS OF MATERIAL THAT REDUCES THE INTENSITY OF THE BEAM TO HALF OF ITS ORGINAL VALUE.

THE ___ EXPRESSES THE PENETRATION, QUALITY OR HARDNESS OF A BEAM

___ ____ INCREASE WITH INCREASED FIELD SIZE AND VARIES INVERSELY WITH THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE

THE ABSORBED DOSE AT A GIVEN DEPTH EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE ABSORBED DOSE AT A REFERENCE DEPTH ONTHE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE FIELD

THE RATIO OF THE DOSE AT A GIVEN POINT IN A MEDIUM TO THE DOSE AT THE SAME POINT IN FREE SPACE

THE RATIO OF DOSE AT A SPECIFIED POINTIN TISSUE OR IN A PHANTOM TO THE DOSE AT THE SAME DISTANCE IN THE BEAM AT A REFERNCE DEPTH, USUALLY 5CM.

THE RATIO OF THE DOSE AT A SPECIFIED POINT IN TISSUE OR INA PHANTOM TO THE DOSE AT THE SAME POINTWHEN IT IS AT THE DEPTH OF MAXIMUM DOSE

THE RATIO OF SCATTERED DOSE AT A GIVEN POINT IN A MEDIUM TO DOSE IN AIR AT THAT SAME POINT

THE RATIO OF THE SCATTERED DOSE AT A DESIGNATED POINT N A PHANTOM TO THE EFFECTIVE PRIMARY DOSE AT THE SAME POINT AT THE REFERENCE DEPTH OF MAXIMUM DOSE

TH REGION NEAR THE EDGE OF THE FIELD MARGIN WHERE THE DOSE FALLS OFF RAPIDLY IS CALLED THE

________ HAS THE LARGEST PNEUMBRA

JUST THE X AND Y DIMENSIONS IS CONSIDERED

X, Y, AND Z IS CONSIDERED

X,Y,Z & RESPIRATORY GATING IS CONSIDERED

RT,T STANDS FOR

TREATMENT MACHINES ARE CALIBRATED AT

SSD + DEPTH =

EPI STANDS FOR

OBI STANDS FOR

WEDGES ARE ALSO KNOWN AS

THE ANGLE THROUGH WHICH AN ISODOSE CURVE IS TILTED AT THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE BEAM AT A SPECIFIED DEPTH IS THE ____ ____

WHERE THE BEAMS COME TOGETHER OR ANY AREA THAT GETS MORE THAN 100% OF THE DOSE IS CALLED A

AN ACCURATE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE CHANGE IN %DD FOR SMALL FIELDS, THERE THE SCATTER COMPONENT IS SMALL IS THE ________

THE INCREASE OF %DD WITH INCREASED DISTANCE CAN BE DETERMINED USING THE ______________

WITH ELECTRONS THE ENERGY (MeV) SHOULD BE 3X THE ______________

ELECTRON ENERGY DETERMINATION

90% MULTIPLE THE DEPTH OF THE TUMOR BY _____

ELECTRON ENERGY DETERMINATION

80% MUTIPLE THE DEPTH OF THE TUMOR BY

ELECTRON ENERGY DETERMINATION

RULE OF THUMB
MULTIPLY THE DEPTH OF THE TUMOR BY

ENERGY DIVIDED BY 4 =

TISSUE EQUIVELENT MATERIAL TO RAISE DOSE TO THE SKINS SURFACE IS CALLED

A ____ ____ DROPS THE PENETRATION ABILITY OF THE BEAM

RADIOACTIVITY WAS DISCOVERED BY ___________

____ _____ WAS THE ONLY MEASURE OD DOSE BY WHICH THE EARLIER PIONEER COULD ESTIMATE THE NECESSARY LENGTH OF THE TREATMENTS

THAT ONE COULD ACHEIVE THE SAME TUMOR RESPONSE WITH LESS INJURY TO NORMAL TISSUE BY FRACTIONATING THE DOSE WAS DISCOVERED BY

THE MANCHESTER SYSTEM OF RADIUM DISTRIBUTION WAS DEVELOPED BY

THE _________ IS USED TO MEASURE QUALITY OF X-RAYS AND WAS INTRODUCED BY BENEIST

IN 1928 THE _____ WAS INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED AS A UNIT OF MEASUREMENT FOR X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS

THE _____ AS A UNIT OF ABSORBED DOSE WAS RECOMMENDED BY THE ICRU IN 1953

ARTIFICAL RADIOACTIVITY WAS DISCOVERED IN

ARTIFICAL RADIOACTIVITY WAS DISCOVERED BY

NOTE;
THE USE OF BETATRONS INRADIATION THERAPY BECAME UNPOPULAR PRIMARLY BECUASE THEY PRODUCED LOW DOSE RATES AND LIMITED FIELD SIZES

RADIATION THERAPY UNITS OPERATING ATAPPROXIAMATELY 50 TO 120 kVp ARE REFERRED TO AS

THE ___ ____ ____ IS THE THICKNESS OF A GIVEN MATERIAL THAT, WHEN INTRODUCED INTO THE PATH OF THE BEAM REDUCES THE INTENSITY OF THE BEAM TO ONE HALF ITS ORGINAL VALUE 

NOTE

INSERTION OF ALUMINUM, COPPER, AND TIN FILTERS INTO THE X-RAY BEAM CAUSES LOW ENERGY X-RAYS TO BE ABSORBED

________ XRAYS USUALLY OPERATE AT 50 - 70 CM OF SOURCE-SURFACE DISTANCE (SSD)

________ X-RAYS UNITS USUALLY OPERATE IN TE RANGE IN 150 T0 500 kVp

__________ X-RAY BEAMS ARE GENERALLY MORE PENETRATING THAN SUPERFICIAL BEAMS

NOTE

LINEAR ACCELERATORS WERE FIRST DEVELOPED FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II

_____ _____ PRODUCE HIGH ENERGY BEAMS BY ACCELRATING CHARGED PARTICLES IN A LINEAR TUBE

WHEN USING ELECTRONS WHY ARE CONES THAT EXTEND COLOSE TO THE PATIENTS SKIN USED

WHAT DOES A COLIMATOR DO?

THE PHOTON BEAM FROMA LINEAR ACCELERATOR IS INTERCEPTED BY iONIZATION CHAMBERS AND A ____ _____

WHAT REDUCED THE DOSE RATE IN THE CENTER OF THE UNFILTERED BEAM

THE FIRST COLBALT 60 MACHINE WAS INTRODUCED DURING THE

THE HALF LIFE OF A COBALT-60 SOURCE IS

THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF A COBALT-60 BEAM IS

NOTE

THE PENUMBRA OF A LINEAR ACCELERATOR BEAM IS SMALLER THAN THAT OF A COLBALT 60 MACHINE

THE ______ IS THE POINT AROUND WHICH THE SOURCE OF THE BEAM ROTATES

THE SECONDARY COLLIMATOR OF A LINEAR ACCELERATOR IS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR

SIMULATORS ARE PRIMARLY USED TO

1 Gy IS THE SAME AS

THE POINT OF MAXIMUM ELECTRON EQUILIBRIUM IS REFERRED TO AS

A HVT IS A WAY OF EXPRESSING THE ______ OF THE BEAM

______ _____ IN AIR EXPRESS THE DOSE MEASURED WITHOUT A PHANTOM AND WITH A BUILDUP CAP AT A GIVEN DISTANCE

____ _____ INCREASE WITH INCREASED FIELD SIZE AND DECREASE WITH INCREASE DISTANCE

IN A FIXED SSD TECHNIQUE THE DOSE IS ROUTINELY NORMALIZED

THE WIDTH OF THE _______ INCREASES WITH INCREASED SD, DECREASED SOURCE TO DISTANCE SOURCE-COLLIMATOR DISTANCE  & INCREASED SOURCE SIZE

THE DOSE IN THE SUPERFICIAL REGION GRADUALLY INCREASES, OR BUILD UP, UNTL IT REACHES A CERTIAN DEPTH AND THEN FLLS OFF DUE TO THE INCREASING THICKNESS 

WHAT IS THIS CALLED

IF THE TUMOR IS NOT SITUATED AT MID-DEPTH, ITS USALLY BENEFICIAL TO DELIVER A HIGHER DOSE FROMTHE FIELD WHERE THE TUMOR IS SHALLOWER

WHAT IS USED TO ALTER THE DOSE DISTRIBUTION?

THE WEDGE ANGLE NEEDED DEPENDS ONTHE ______ ANGLE

_____ _____ IS THE ANGLE SEPERATING THE 2 CENTRAL AXES

WHAT DOES ICRU STAND FOR

WHAT IS THE GROSS PALPABLE EXTENT AND LOCATION OF MALIGNANT GROWTH

WHAT IS THE TISSUE VOLUME THAT CONTAINS THE GTV AND SUBCLINICAL MICROSCOPIC MALIGNANT DISEASE

WHAT CONTAINS THE TUMOR AND ADJACENT TISSUES

WHAT IS DOSE NORMALIZATION?

PHOTON ISODOSE CURVES USED IN DOSECALCULATION ON A PATIENT USUALLY REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING CORRECTIONS

ELECTON ISODOSE CURVES USED IN DOSE CALCULATION ON A PATIENT USUALLY REQUIRE

THE MAXIMUM DOSE FROMA SINGLE 6-MV PHOTON BEAM OCCURS AT APPROXIMATELY

THE DEPTH OF MAXIMUM DOSE (D-MAX) FOR ANY PHOTON BEAM ENERGY IS REDUCED BY

A SHEET OF LUCITE PLACED IN THE BEAM TO REDUCE THE DEPTH OF D-MAX IS A

TREATMENT FIELDS SHOULD ALWAYS BE SHAPED SO THAT THE BEAM EDGE CROSSES __________ TO THE SPINAL CORD

 LONGER OR SHORTER

IN PORT FILMS OF PARALEL OPPOSED ISOCENTRIC FIELDS OF A LUNG TUMOR, THE ANTERIOR FILED WILL APPEAR TO INCLUDE A _______- SEGMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD THAN THE POSTERIOR FIELD

WHAT CAN YOU USE TO MINIMIZE THE GAP BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT FIELDS

NOTE

WHEN ADJACENT AREAS MUST BE TREATED, IT IS BEST TO CALCULATE THE GAP NECESSARY BETWEEN THE FIELDS TO PREVENT AN OVERLAP

IN AN ISOCENTRIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUE IT IS ROUTINE TO NORMALIZE THE DOSE

THE 20% ISODOSE LINE CURVE OUT AND THE 90% CURVE CONSTRICTS IN AN _____ BEAM

WHEN PARALLEL OPPOSED 6-MV PHOTON BEAMS ARE USED IN A 20-CM THICK PATIENT, THE MAXIMUM DOSE WILL OCCUR AT