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ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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Anterior posterior
The central ray entering the patient's anterior surface and exiting the patient's posterior surface.
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Central ray
The center of midpoint of the x-ray beam.
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Crookes tube
A glass tube that is partially evacuated in which electrons can flow from the cathode to the anode.
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Emotional
Subject to or involving emotion or emotions; emotion is a generalized feeling or feelings.
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Genetics effects
Radiation damage that occurs to persons whose ancestors were irradiated.
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Kinesthetic learners
Learn through doing and touching.
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Posterior anterior
Central ray entering that patient's posterior surface and exiting the patient's anterior surface.
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Somatic affects
Radiation damage that occurs to the person who received the radiation.
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Stress
Physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension.
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Whole body
Includes the trunk, arms above the elbows, and legs above the knees; it is used for purpose of radiation exposure doses.
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What is the annual occupational dose limit set by the NCRP?
5 rem (50mSv)
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What is the general public dose limit set by the NCRP?
0.5 rem (5 mSv)
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What is the radiology students younger than 18 dose limit set by the NCRP?
0.1 rem (1 mSv)
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What is the pregnant worker dose limit set by the NCRP?
- 0.5 rem (5 mSv in a 9-month period)
- 0.005 rem (0.5 mSv in any given month)
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Inverse Square Law
The intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object from the source.
i.e. if the technologists stands 2 ft from the pt and receives an exposure of 1mR/hr, the technologists will receive 1/4 the exposure if he/she moves back to 4ft from the pt.
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Radiation effects
- ARS (acute radiation syndrome)
- Long term
- Somatic effects
- Genetic effects
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Who was the first known American fatality from radiation exposure?
Clarence Dally. He was Edison's assistant and he suffered horribly before he died in 1904.
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Occupational Protection
- Major source: of radiation dose to the occupational worker is the patient.
- Time:
- Distance: Inverse Square Law
- Shielding: Shields made of lead and must be no less than 0.25 mm of lead.
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Pioneers
- Benjamin Franklin: discovered electricity
- William Watson: demonstrated electrical current
- Michael Faraday: induced electricity
- William Godspeed: cathode rays
- William Crookes- created vacuum tube with positive and negative electrodes and induction coil
- Phillip Lenard: include aluminum window allow cathode rays to pass through the outside
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Who is credited with the discovery of x-rays and when?
- Roentgen, November 1895
- Named "X" ray - since x is unknown in mathematical symbol.
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Early Uses
- Entertainment
- Shoe fitting
- Souvenirs
- Spirit world
- Hair removal
- Medical
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What type of tube was used when x-rays were discovered?
Crookes tube
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Who discovered fluoroscopy and when?
- Thomas Edison
- Vitascope: handheld crookes tube with a screen on one end and an eye pieve on the other.
- 1896
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Patient Protection
- Technique: Using the lowest technique possible while receiving the best image.
- FOV (field of view): collimate to only what is necessary.
- Repeat: Think! Make sure you are producing the best image before exposing the pt. Repeat x-rays increase pt exposure to radiation.
- Shielding: Patient with lead aprons.
- Communication: Make sure the pt understands what you need from him/her (hold still, take a deep breath, hold breath, etc..)
- Collimation: Reduces amount of radiation to patient and reduces scatter radiation which increases contrast and provides a clearer image.
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Foundation of Student Learning Achievement
- Educational
- Emotional
- Physical
- Financial Preparedness
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Educational and Emotional Preparedness
- Time commitment for coursework
- Family and friends support
- Informing family and friends of the program information
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Physical Wellness and Financial Preparedness
- Health requirements
- Budgeting for life as a full-time student
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Learning Styles
Kinesthetic (tactile), auditory, visual.
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Managing Stress
- Stress reduction activities
- Organization
- Student notebook binder
- Electronic files
- Master calendars
- Tracking grades
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Time Management
- Establishing priorities
- Types of daily activities
- Tracking daily activities
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Early Effects
- Burns
- Infections
- Cancer
- Amputations
- Death (Clarence Dally died 1904)
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Advances
- Boston Hospital - 1st to make room for x-ray and train people to take x-rays.
- CT, MRI, Mammography, Ultrasound, PET (positron emission tomography), SPECT (single photon emission CT), Digital (film to digital image)
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CT (Computerized axial tomography)
Godrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack created an x-ray tube that circled around a PT lying on the table.
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MRI
MRI equipment was started in 1946 by Felix Block and Edward Purcell.
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Anatomic Position
The patient is standing upright, facing forward with arms fully extended and palms forward.
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Supine
The patient is lying face up.
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Prone
The patient is lying face down.
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Recumbent
The patient is lying face up, face down, or any position.
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Upright or erect
The patient is standing or sitting.
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Decubitus
The patient is standing or sitting.
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Anterior posterior (AP)
The CR enters the patient's anterior and exits the patient's posterior.
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Posterior anterior (PA)
The CR enters the patient's posterior and exits the patient's anterior.
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Right lateral
The patient's right side is closes to the IR.
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Left lateral
The patient's left side is closest to the IR.
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Right anterior oblique (RAO)
The patient is rotated toward the right with the right side closest to the IR and the left side away from the IR.
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Left anterior oblique (LAO)
The patient is semi-prone or rotated with the patient's left side closest to the IR and the right side farthest from the IR.
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Right posterior oblique (RPO)
The patient is semi-prone or rotated with the patient's right side closest to the IR and left side farthest from the IR.
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Dorsal decubitus
The patient is lying on his or her back and the CR is horizontal.
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Ventral decubitus
The patient is lying face down and the CR is horizontal.
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Right lateral decubitus
The patient is lying on his or her right side and the CR is horizontal.
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Left lateral decubitus
The patient is lying on his or her left side and the CR is horizontal.
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