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what was the main reason for domestication of animals?
it created a ready supply of meat and animal products
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what was the Neolithic Revolution
(Agricultural Revolution)- when agriculture was developed
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what time in the past does "prehistoric" refer to?
the time before the invention of writing
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what led to the rise of civilization
agriculture-prosperous farming villages
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what are the 5 characteristics of Civilization?
- -advanced cities
- -advanced technology
- -record keeping
- -complex institutions
- -specialized workers
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what important change does the beginning of the Sumerian Civilization signal?
the beginning of written history (end of prehistory)
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how do we have any knowledge about history before the invention of writing?
scientific clues from archaelogists, anthropologists, and paleontologists
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archaelogist
study bones and artifacts
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anthropologists
examine artifacts to recreate early cultures
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paleontologists
study fossils
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why is specialization of workers important for the development of civilization?
-allows people to learn to do one job very well
-lead to the inventions of new products, a more complex society, and extra time for cultural and social development
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when was the Bronxe Age?
time when people began using bronze(stop copper and stone) to fashion tools and weapons. (following Stone Age)
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what is culture?
- a people's unique way of life
- components
- -
common practices - -shared understandings
- -social organization
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what is the Sumerian written language?
cuneiform
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what principle of gov. did Hammurabi's Code demonstrate
gov. had a responsibility for what occured in society
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what did the pyramids show about the Old Kingdom dynasties in Egypt?
symbolized the strength of Egyptian civilization, economy, leadership. and technology.
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what was the ancient egyptian calender based on?
the sun
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what is "China's Sorrow"
the Yellow River (Huang He)...caused so much devastation by flooding
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what was the most important virtue in the Chinese Society
respect for one's parents
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what was a major advantage of the Chinese Society?
people in all parts of China could learn the same system of writing, even if their spoken languages were very different
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what is the most sacred writing of the Jewish religion?
Torah
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What was the Phoenicians great legacy?
their alphabet
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what advances did the Hittites make in war?
the chariot and iron
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who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt?
Moses
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what are the Hindu and Buddhist terms for enlightment?
Moksha and nirvana
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what was the basis of Hebrew law?
The Ten Commandments
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what is ethical monotheism?
the emphasis on right conduct and the worship of one God
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what is Canaan?
land that God promised the Hebrews
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who united the Hebrews and established Jerusalem as the capital of Israel?
King David
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what is karma?
a soul's good and bad deeds
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who is Abraham?
the "father" of the Hebrew people
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covenant
a mutual promise made between God and his people
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who drove the Philistines out of Israel?
King Saul
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what was the location of Nebuchadnezzar's hanging gardens (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world)?
Babylon
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wgich Chinese philosophy stressed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored by organizing society around five basic relationships?
Confucianism
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what great structure was created by force labor to protect China from attacks by northern nomads?
Great Wall of China
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what necessity caused the Assyrians to develop a strong army?
they were frequently attacked in the Mesopotamia by invaders
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what belief of the prophet Zoroaster was simliar to later concepts in Christianity and Islam?
Monotheism
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what was the chief purpose for constructing and using the Royal Road
to make communication within the empire easier
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Among the conquests of the ancient world, what was Cyrus famous for?
Tolerance of diversity
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who allowed the Jews to rebuild Solomon's temple in Jerusalem?
The Persian King Cyrus
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what does Confucious believe will transform the people of China?
education/knowledge
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which warriors used metal armor, copper helmets, and leather protection?
Assyrians
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what significat democratic reform did Pericles carry out?
he increased the # of paid public officials
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characteristics of "classical art"
harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty
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which philosopher was condemned to death for "corrupting the youth of Athens" and "neglecting the city's gods?"
Socrates
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why was Alexandria, Egypt the foremost center for the spread of Hellenistic civilization?
its strategic location, its museum and research library, and its rich mix of cultures
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who fought in the Peloponnesian war?
Athenians and Spartans
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what cultures were blended into the Hellenistic culture?
Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
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what regions did Alexander the Great conquer?
Greece, Persian Empire, Egypt, Indus Valley
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scientist that arrived at a fairly accurate calculation of the value of pi
Archimedes
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emphasized duty, strength, and discipline
Spartans
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blind story teller best known for Achilles and Odysseus
Homer
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led a force of more than 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants across the Alps to invade Italy
Hannibal
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daring Roman general finally won the Second Punic Way
Scipio
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after forcing Lepidus to retire, whos armies does Octavian defeat to become Emperor of Rome?
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
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emperor ushered Rome into a 200-year period of peace and prosperity
Augustus
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200-year period of peace and prosperity in Rome
Pax Romana
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which Roman ruler held the title of dictator at the time of his assassination by member of the Senate?
Julius Caesar
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which Christian leader wrote letters that formed the Epistles of the New Testament to group believers?
Paul
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who moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium?
Constatine
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who is considere to be the first pope of the Christian Church?
Peter
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what was the basis from many of Jesus' teachings?
Monotheism and the Ten Commandments
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information about the life of Jesus come from where?
the Gospel
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what family of languages developed from Latin?
Romance Languages
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why did the triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey end?
Caesar and Pompey became political rivals and went to war with one abother
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what characteristics a republic for of gov?
representatives are elected by citizens to rule
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Jewish Diaspora
Jews exiled from their homeland
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why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire
To make it easier to control (was huge!)
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what regions of the world today are still strongly influenced by the achievements of Rome?
United States and Europe
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what are the basic principles of law modern gov. tool from Rome?
-everyone had the right to = treatment under law
-innocent till proven guilty
-burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
-a person should be punished for actions only, not thoughts
-any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside
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a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class
patricians
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the common farmers, merchants, workers, and artisans that made up the majority of Roman citizens
plebians
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Greco-Roman culture- an ancient culture that developed from a blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures
Classical culture
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how did Justinian regulate his expansive empire
a new set of laws (Justinian code)
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what awas the cause of a major disagreement between Leo III and the Western Christian Church
Leo III banned the use of icons by Eastern Christians because he viewed their use as idol worship
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after the official division of the Christian Church, what became the state religion of the Byzantine Empire? Of the Western Roman Empire?
- Byzantine Empire- Orthodox Church
- Western Roman Empire- Roman Catholic
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who inveted the alphabet that is used by many Slavic languages?
Cyril and Methodius (2 eastern orthodox missionaries)
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what did Yaroslav the Wise do that was not so wise?
He divide his kingdom among all his son (civil war)
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what title did Ivan III take for himself? WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
Czar, Caesar
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How did Russia win their freedom from Mongol rule?
Both armies faced each other at the Ugra River, neither advanced and both turned around and marched home.
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what was the result of the bond between the Turks and the Persians?
persians became gov officials. Turks took on the Persian culture, language, and religion- Islam
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why did the Crusades begin in 1095?
Pope Urban II called on Christians to drive the Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from the Muslim rule
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who conquered the Seljuk Empire?
The Mongols
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in what city did Muhammad live when he received his message from Gabriel?
Mecca
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arabic word for God?
Allah
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what are the basic beliefs of Islam?
- -only one God, Allah
- -there is good and evil
- -each individual is responsible for the actions of his or her life
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what links does Islam have to Judaism and Christianity
to muslims, allah is the same God that is worshiped in Christianity and Judaism
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jihad
- -inner struggle against evil
- -an armed struggle against nonbelievers
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