What are the 7 things life requires? 1. Order 2. Reproduction 3. DNA 4. Energy utilization 5. React to stimulous/environment 6. Can regulate internal environment 7. Evolutionary Adaptation What are the 10 levels of organization? 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organ 6. Organism 7. Populations 8. Communities 9. Ecosystem 10. Biosphere 3 major groups of living organisms 1. Bacteria 2. Archea 3. Eukarya What is bacteria? Prokaryotic, meaning single cell with no nucleus What the newest living thing? Archea What the most occurring element? Hydrogen What is found most in animals and plants but is only 1% of the universe? Oxygen Why is Carbon so awesome? Because it shares easily What are the essential Macronutrients? 3 highest amount and in order of plant food N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg What element is needed by all plants? Fe 3 diatomic elements: H-H O=O N(triple bond)N 98% of plants contain these 6 elements: 1. Hydrogen 2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfer Hydroxyl Functional Group arrangement and Class name R-OH Alcohol Carbonyl Functional Group arrangement and Class name R-C=O Aldehydes Carboxyl Functional Group arrangement and Class name R-C=O OH Carboxylic Acids Ketones Functional Group arrangement R-C-R =O Amino Functional Group arrangement and Class name R-N Amines Phosphate Functional Group arrangement and Class name O R-O-P-O O Organic Phosphates Sulfhydryl Functional Group arrangement and Class name R-SH Thiols What are the 7 functional groups? 1. Alcohols 2. Aldehydes 3. Amines 4. Carboxylic Acids 5. Ketones 6. Phosphates 7. Thiols Example of a Ketone: Acetone Example of an Carboxylic Acid Acetic Acid Example of an Amine Methylamine Example of a Phosphate 3-Phosphoglyceric acid Example of a Thiols Mercaptoethanol Example of a Hydroxyl Ethanol Example of a Carbonyl Acetaldehyde 4 Major Groups of Organic molecules Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids The most important rxn and why CO2 + H2O ->C6H12O6 + O2 (this is glucose!) What are monomers used for? To make polymers What are all polymers? Macromers The rxn of monomers joining together to make polymers Dehydration/condensation The rxn of when polymers are broken Hydrolysis The ratio of a Carbohydrate C:H:O 1:2:1 What are sugars, starches, and cellouse? Carbohydrates Glucose Fructose Ribose Monosaccharides How many carbons does it take to make Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose? 6 Carbons Glucose's Structure: =O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH What monomer forms a pentagon shape when placed in H2O? Fructose Differences between Alpha and beta glucose beta has a hydroxyl group that is above the ring and is cellouse alpha has an -OH group that points downward and is starch Sucrose and Maltose Disaccharides What is Sucrose made of? Fructose and Glucose What is maltose made of? a-glucose + a-glucose What is maltose used for? Shakes and Beer How is sucrose and maltose made? By dehydration What are the gas makers of the carbs? Oligosaccharides Raffinose stachyose oligosaccharides What is the shortest oligosaccharide? 3 Carbons What is raffinose made of? Galact + Glucose + Fructose Starch Glycogen Cellulose Common Polysaccharides What is glycogen used for? muscles How are starch, glycogen and cellulose different structurally? If starch is added to H2O it forms a helox ball Glycogen has branches and cellulose's structure has every other glucose is upside down What is cellulose made of? b-glucose What does cellulose make when weaved together? Fibrils What uses fibrils and why? plants because of thier cell wall also why humans cannot digest it and produce gas~broccoli Why does a potateo have more calories then lettuce? Because lettuce has more cellulose making it harder for humans to break down hence getting less calories from it Chemical make up of cellulose and starch C6H12O6 What are lipids 3 functions for plants? Water-proofing membranes stored energy What are lipids made of? Carb/Hydro/Oxygen Why doesn't lipids like H2O? Less O's in the make up Is lipids a polymer? no, but it is a macromer 4 Types of lipids Nuetral Phospholipids Sterol Waxes Whats a neutral lipid? glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: filled w/hydrogen solid @ room temp stackable High Density Unsaturated: double bonds liquid @ room temp Low Density 2 types of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Mono unsaturated (only 1 double bond) Poly unsaturated (more than 1 double bond) What are phospholipids used for? membranes What makes up a phospholipid? glycerol + 2 fatty acids What are Sterols used for? Stabilizers Animals Hormone Name of plant sterol Sitosterol Name of fungi sterol Ergosterol Name of human and animal sterol Cholesterol What are the 3 types of sterol? Sitosterol Ergosterol Cholesterol What is it called when seeds are collected from desireable appearing individuals in a population, and the next generation is sown from the stock of mixed seed Mass Selection What are Trichomes and what is thier purpose? Outgrowth from the epidermis of plants, as a hair. Used to repel insects, reflect sun and retain H2O What is petiole? The stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem Micronutrients B, Cu, Fe, Cl, Mn, Mo, Zn Most abundant organic polymer molecule Cellulose-bc of wood Difference between populations and communites: Populations are specific species and communities is all the species coexisting together Monomer of nucleic acid Nucleotides