Protozoa 1.are single celled eukarya 2.without a cell wall 3.often demonstrates a polymorphism 4.usually aerobic chemoheterotrophs Sarcodina 1. Type of Protozoa 2. move via pseudopodia Mastigophora 1. type of protozoa 2. flagellates, move via long undulipodia 3: Ciliata 1. type of protozoa 2. Ciliates, move via cilia short undulipodia (4th most common protozoan infection) is a food/waterborne diseases caused by ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYITICA,one of 1000 protists w/o mitochondria but two nuclei, ingested cysts hatch into trophozoites in the intestine, trophozoites produces pore toxin that lyse epithelial cells of the intestinal lining causing ulceration and bloody diarrhea(Dysentery) Treatment: METRONIDAZOLE: BLOCKS DNA repair enzymes, work in anaerobic condition Amebic dysentery (Sacrodina) is caused by Giradia Lamblia. Mitosomes indstead of mictochondria, adhesive disc(trophozoite), 2nd to E.Coli as the most common source of chronic dirrahea picked up by traveling, found in97% of the surface water, beavers and muskrats are the primary reservoirs, problem in daycare center and among gay men. Cysts are food and waterborne and microbes attaches to the lining of the small intestine with its adhesive disc, incubation is 12-20days,heavy infestation can cause inflammation that inhibits the absorption of nutrient, Symptoms include: fever, cramps, diarrhea, nausea and weight loss: Treatment:METRONIDAZOLE Giardiasis (Mastigophora) zoonosis(transmitted from animal to humans) caused by Trypanosoma brucie, is a re-emerging disease due to the abandonment of control measure, is transmitted via the tsetse fly, initially invades the circulator system and untimely invades the CNS. The microbes evade the immune system by repeatedly altering the proteins on its surface, forcing immune system to work hard and produce new antibodies. Symptoms : progressive disorientation, slurred speech, loss of muscle control, coma Antelelopes(reservoir)-> Tsetes fly(Vector) -> human(reservoir)-> spread African Sleeping Disease(Mastigophora) since 1982 the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it has become a leading cause of diarrhea diease by protozoa in the world. Transmitted via fecal/oral routed from puppies, livestock, deer…etc is comused as an oocyst which releases sporozoites in the intestines. Sporozoites infect the epithelial cells of the intestinal lining and generate merozotoie. Severe water diarrhea. Opportunistic in immunocompromised victims(Young/AIDS), A large outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 infected 370,000 people Crypotosporidium (Sporozoan) 1.most common and widespred,reproduces within the widest range of temperature 2. continues relapses: dormant liver stage 3.duffy negative mutation protects 95% of Africans-blocks receptors on RBC, parasites can’t enter 4.1955 Global eradication program began: 1)DDT. Reduce mosquito habitats, drugs(cholorquine)2)By end of 20^th century, banished from ½ of its 19^th century domain Malaria (Sporozoan) Plamodium Vivax: 1. not widespread, require more warmth 2.no relapses- DIE OR RECOVER 3.sickle cell trait mutation 1)Heterozygous people protected from falciparum 2)Homozygous people die of Sickle cell anemia 3)Highest prevalence in West Africa (25% of pop) 4.Eradication program never ON Africa 1)80/90% of infections in Africa 2) 90% of deaths in Africa(falciparum) 3)population growth has increased exposure by 300% 5.Plasmodium Falciparum makes up largest number of infection 6.HIV infection increases malarial deaths and Malaria increase HIV load Malaria(Sporozoan) Plasmodium Flaciparm House the core of the virus, provides protection and a way to transmit the viral core to ta host cell, is composed of on or more proteins, often arranged in capsomere Viral Capsid generate isometric, cubic, polyhedral or icosahedra (20 sided figure) capsid Closed shell generate cylindrical capsid Helical have a combination of helical and closed shell arrangements, head/tails Complex Capsid Nucleic acid genome of the virus that will have DNA or RNA BUT not both, usually (DNA)double strand in large viruses that attack animal cells and (RNA)single stranded in a small virus. RNA in plant virus. Core Bilayered memebrane composed of phospholipid, protein,and carbohydrate May project glycoprotein spikes(viruse are identify by specific spikes). Envelope H or Hemgglutin spikes associated with flu viruses, attachment of virus to host cells, binds to sialic acid in host cell membranes N or neuraminidase spikes disrupts sialic acid of the host cell membrane and facilitates the flu virus escape from the host cell Gp 120 spikes only on HIV <![endif]--> caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. Is normally found in the intestinal tract, but causes opportunistic infections of the skin, mouth and vagina. IF systemic: causes more deaths than any other fugal pathogen. Risk factors: Oral antibiotic-> yeast super infection, High blood sugar. Virulence factor: Adhesin, can covert to hyphal form in the body (dimorphic), secrete proteases and phospholipase. Cause 80% of fungal infections acquired in hospitals. Treatment: Amphotericin B MYCOSES Human fungal dieases (both mold/yeast infection) Yeast unicellular and resemble a stripped down of human cell DERMATOPHYTE (RINGWORM)-MOLD Infection Affects skin /nail/hair and produces an exoenzyme that can digest keratin (keratinase). Generate toxic waste products, is transmitted via fomites(tonail clipper) and direct contact via: humans and animals, for example: athletes foot, jock itch, and barbers’ itch. Treatment: Amphotericin B Mold multicellular with hypha and spore producing fruiting bodies unicellular/muticeullar eukarya w/o undulipodia or tissues and with cells wall of chitin,are chemoheterotrpohs that require nutrient through exoenzyme,have complex lifecycle that include both sexual/asexual stage Fungi (Mold vs. Yeast) can be unicellular/multicellular, have undulipoida and chloroplast and a cell wall made of cellulose, plants evolved from green algae Algae Fansidar cocktail with choloroquine, hospitalization for five days of quinine, Artemsisin Combination Therapy, Nothing Treatment of Plasmodium Falciparum Symptoms and signs of Plasmodium Falciparum anemia,jaundice, RBC agglutination causing blockages and anoxia in the tissues, liver and spllen enlargement and brain damage is a neuraminidase inhibitor that is used to treat people with the flu, are used to stop the relases of flu viruses by blocking their neuraminidase spike. Tamiflu(oseltamivir phosphate) Blocks binding of hemagglutinin spikes and is effective against influenza A Amantadine blocks attachments of HIV to a CCR5 receptor Maraviroc is a nucleoside mimics that used to treat RNA viral infection (Hepatitis C) and mimics nucleoside that contain either an adenine or guanine Ribavirin inhibits revers transcriptase in retrovirus;HIV, it is a nucleoside mimic of the nucleoside that contains thymine, terminates DNA elongation in a fashion similar to Acyclovir, can penetrate the blood brain barrier and also has affinity for DNA polymerase; adversely affects host cell replication AZT(azidothymidine) integrase inhibitor to block the lysogenize of the host cell DNA Raltegravir Genital herpes, chickenpox, mononucleosis is ALL type of Herpes Herpes