Splenius Capitis: Attachments
<answer>
Nuchal Ligament 
spinous processes of C7 - T3/T4

Mastoid process
Lateral 1/3 superior nuchal line
</answer>

Splenius Capitis: Innervation & Blood Supply
<answer>
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (C4 - C8)

Branches of Occipital A.
Transverse Cervical A. (superficial branches)
</answer>

Splenius Capitis: Actions
<answer>
Alone: Lateral flex neck and rotate head to side. 

Together: Extend head and neck
</answer>

Splenius Cervicis: Attachments
<answer>
Nuchal Ligament
Spinous processes of T3 - T6

Transverse processes C1 - C3/C4
</answer>

Splenius Cervicis: Innervation & Blood Supply
<answer>
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (C4 - C8)

Branches of Occipital A.
Transverse Cervical A. (superficial branches)
</answer>

Splenius Cervicis: Actions
<answer>
Alone: Lateral flex neck and rotate head to side. 

Together: Extend head and neck
</answer>

Iliocostalis: Attachments
<answer>
Sacrum, Illiac crest, Spinous process of T11 - L5

<strong>LUMBORUM / THORACIS / CERVICIS</strong> 
Fibers run superiorly to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">angles of lower ribs</span> and <span style="text-decoration:underline;">cervicle transverse processes</span>
</answer>

Iliocostalis: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Iliocostalis: Actions
<answer>
Bilaterally: Extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement as their fibers are lengthened (eccentric contraction) 

Unilaterally: Laterally flex vertebral column
</answer>

Longissimus: Attachments
<answer>
Sacrum, Illiac crest, Spinous process of T11 - L5

<strong>THORACIS / CERVICIS / CAPITIS</strong>
Fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">transverse processes in thoracis and cervical regions</span>, and to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">mastoid process</span>
</answer>

Longissimus: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Longissimus: Actions
<answer>
Bilaterally: Extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement as their fibers are lengthened (eccentric contraction) 

Unilaterally: Laterally flex vertebral column
</answer>

Spinalis: Attachments
<answer>
Sacrum, Illiac crest, Spinous process of T11 - L5

<strong>THORACIS / CERVICIS / CAPITIS</strong>
Fibers run superiorly to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">spinous processes in the upper thoracic</span> regions and to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">cranium</span>
</answer>

Spinalis: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Spinalis: Actions
<answer>
Bilaterally: Extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement as their fibers are lengthened (eccentric contraction) 

Unilaterally: Laterally flex vertebral column
</answer>

Semispinalis: Attachments
<answer>
Transverse processes of C4 - T12

<strong>THORACIS / CERVICIS / CAPITIS</strong> 
Occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracis and cervical regions
(spanning 4-6 segments)
</answer>

Semispinalis: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Semispinalis: Actions
<answer>
Extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column 

Rotates spine and head contralaterally
</answer>

Multifidis: Attachments
<answer>
Sacrum, illium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, transverse processes of all vertebra <span style="text-decoration:underline;">except</span> C1 - C3

Spinous processes of all vertebra <span style="text-decoration:underline;">except</span> C2 
(fibers insert 2-4 segments superior to origin)
</answer>

Multifidis: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Multifidis: Actions
Extension
Stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column

Rotatores: Attachments
<answer>
Transverse processes of vertebrae 
(developed best in thoracic region)

<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Junction of lamina and transverse process</span> of vertebra immediately superior to origin
(1 segment = brevis)  
(2 segments = longus)
</answer>

Rotatores: Innervation
Posterior rami of spinal nerves (segmental)

Rotatores: Actions
Rotate the spine!

<question>
Minor Deep Back Muscles: 
Location, Action, Innervation
</question>
<answer>
Interspinales / Intertransversarii / Levatores Costarum (Medial to Lateral) 

Minor role in spinal stability

Posterior Rami EXCEPT the lateral parts of intertransversarii m. (anterior rami)
</answer>

Actions of Erector Spinae Group
<answer>
<strong>Unilaterally
</strong>Lateral flexion to ipsilateral side
Control bending to contralateral side

<b>Bilaterally
</b>Trunk extension
Stabilize during flexion
</answer>

Actions of Transversospinal Group
<answer>
<strong>Unilaterally
</strong>Rotation

<strong>Bilaterally
</strong>Stabilization
</answer>

Actions of Splenius Muscles
<answer>
<strong>Unilaterally
</strong>Rotation

<strong>Bilaterally
</strong>Head flexion / extension
</answer>