Cause/Characteristics of marasmus extreme caloric deficiency cachexia/loss of subcu fat hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension Causes/characteristics of Kwashiorkor severe protein deficiency (sometimes with calorie deficiency as well) pitting edema if BLE, sometimes progresses to BLE and face hyperkeratosis/desquamation dry/brittle/depigmented hair (flag sign in those with fluctuating nutritional status) Decreased T-cell function and cell mediated immunity fatty enlarged liver scientific name of vitamin C ascorbic acid causes/characteristics of scurvy vitC def follicular hyperkeratosis/corkscrew-coiled hair/gingival bleeding normochromic/normocytic anemia in 75% impaired collagen formation (brittle capillaries) brittle bones (metaphyseal zone of tubular bones, sternal-rib junction) scientific name of vitamin A retinol characteristics of Vit A deficiency night blindness cloudy, keratinized cornea xerophthalmia requires parenteral VitA (medical emergency) characteristics if VitA excess scaly skin pseudotumor cerebri hepatomegaly characteristics of rickets poor growth hypoCa hypoPhos tetany most often found incidentally on PE without the above lab values in rickets low Ca (can be normal) low phos (can be normal) high Alk Phos low 25-OH-VitD high 1,25-OH-VitD high PTH scientific name of Vit E tocopherol function of Vit E and result of deficiency membrane bound free radical, protects from free radical damage to cells and intercellular structures deficiency leads to neuroaxonal degeneration and loss of reflexes hemolytic anemia in premie scientific name for Vit K phytonadione Vitamin K is necessary for production of what prothrombin (Factor II) Factor VII Factor IX Factor X Folate deficiency can cause can be seen in macrocytic anemia (#2 nutritional cause of anemia) neural tube defects if mom deficient seen in children who drink goat's milk Thiamine is Vit B1 Vit B1 is thiamine thiamine deficiency is associated with Beriberi (think Ber1Ber1): paresthesias, foot/wrist drop Wernike's encephalopathy: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion Vit B2 is riboflavin Riboflavin is Vit B2 Riboflavin deficiency is associated with chelosis sore tongue Niacin is Vit B3 Vit B3 is niacin Niacin deficiency is associated with Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea (note the 3 symptoms of B3 def) Vit B6 is Pyridoxine Pyridoxine is Vit B6 Pyridoxine deficiency is associated with In infants, seizures that respond to pyridoxine are associated with metabolic defects Vit B12 is Cobalamin Cobalamin is Vit B12 Cobalamin deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia Zinc deficiency is associated with can be caused by chronic diarrhea Zn works on nucleic acid and protein metabolism so defiency affects rapidly growing cells patients "don't grow", have diarrhea rash, acrodermatitis enteropathica hypogeusia (decreased taste) Nutrients that likely need to be supplemented in vegan diets B12, Fe, Ca, Zn