cervic, as in cervicetomy meaning: neck, or the excision of the neck of uterus ectomy means excision of something otomy means incision of something word beginnings are called prefixes word endings are called suffixes the foundation of a word is known as the root a letter linking a suffix and a root, or linking two roots in a term is the combining vowel the combination of a root and a combing vowel is known as the combing form cyst/o urninary bladder cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin encephal/o brain -al pertaining to -scopy process of visual examination -ic pertaning to -gram record -opsy process of viewing A, an without, absent, no, not apnea absence of respiration (non breathing) anorexia absence (lack) of appitite ab- away from Ad- to, toward adductor draws near abduct move away from abnormal pert to away from the rule Ante- before antenatal pert to before birth Anti- against antibiotic against infection (life of bacteria) Bi, two, double, both bilateral to both side Brady- slow bradypnea slow breathing Co-, Con together with congenital being born with Contra- against, opposite contralateral pertaning to the opposite side Cry(o) cold cryosurgery destruction of tissue using cold Crypt- hidden cryptorchidism condition of undescended testicles Cyan- blue cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin (abn. cond. of) De- down, lack of dehydration cond. lack of water (fluids) Dys- bad, difficult, painful abnormal dyspnea difficult breathing dysmenorrhea painful menstrual flow Dia- through, complete Diarrhea (to) flow through Ec, ecto - outside, out ectopic pregnancy pert. to pregnancy outside of the uterus En, endo in, within endocarditis inflamm. of lining of heart (endocardium) Epi- upon, above epigastric pert. to above the stomach Ex- out, away from excision process of cutting out Hemi- half hemiplegia paralysis of half (one side) of the body arthralgia pain in join otalgia pain in the ear neuralgia pain in the nerves myalgia pain of muscles rectocele hernia of the rectum cystocele hernia of the urniary bladder thoracentesis surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest amniocentesis surgical puncter of the amnion abdominocentesis surgical puncture of the abdomen streptococcus berry-shaped (spheroidal) bacteria in culsters pleurodynia pain the chest wall muscles that aggrated by breathing (literally pain of the pleura) laryngectomy removal of the larynx mastectomy removal of the brests ischemia holding back of blood from area of the body angiogenesis formation of blood vessels electroencephalogram record of the electricty in the brain myelogram xray of the spinal cord angiography process of recording xray images of blood vessels bronchitis inflam of the bronchi thrombophlebitis inflam of a vein with clot formation morphology study of shape or form hemolysis destruction of blood (break down of red bloodcells with release of hemoglobin) osteomalacia softening of bone chondromalacia softening of carilage splendomegaly enlargement of the spleen myoma benign tumor of the muscle myosarcoma malignant tumor of the muscle, a type of flesh (-sarc) tissue multiple myeloma tumor of the bone marrow necropsy autopsy or postmortem examination necrosis condition of death of cells hydronephrosis abnormal condition of water found in the kidney cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle erythropenia deficiency of red blood cells neutropenia deficiency of neutrophils acrophobia fear of heights achondroplasia no or improper development of cartilage angioplasty surgical repair of blood vessles blepharoptosis prolapse saging of an eyelid nephroptosis prolapse of a kidney arterioscleriosis hardining of the arteries lapraoscope instrument to visually examine the abdomen metastasis beyond control, spreading of a cancerous tumor hemostasis stopping the flow of blood natrually or by compression colostomy new opening of the colon to the outside of the body tracheostomy new opening of the windpipe to the outisde of the body lapraotomy incision into the abdomen phlebotomy incision of a vein tracheotomy incision of the trachea hypertrophy excessive development atrophy no development, wasting away of tissue pneumonia abnormal condition of the lungs nephrologis specialist in the study of the kidney arteriole small artery venule small vein pericardium membranous sac enclosing the heart mucus sticky secreation from mucous membrane esophagus muscular tube carrying food from the throat to the stomach nephropathy disease of the kidney peritoneal pertanining to the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity) inguinal pertaning to the groin tonsillar pertaining to the tonsils axillary pert. to the armpit laryngeal pert. to the voice box osteogenic pert. to produced within bone chronic long-term, over a period of time pathologic pert to the study of disease adenoids collection of lympahtic tissue in the throat, near the nose resemblig -oid adipose pert. to fat mucous membrane a lining that secretes mucus necrotic pert. to death of cells apnea not breathing anoxia without oxygen (decreases in tissues) abnormal pert. to away from the norm abductor one who leads away from the body adductor one who leads toward the body adrenal glands endocrine glands located above the kidneys anabolism process of casting up materials, buildingbuilding proteins within cells analysis to separate apart ante cibum before meals anteflexion bending foward antepartum before birth antisepsis condition against infection antibitoic pert. to against life (germ life) antigen substance that stiumaltes the production of antibodies antibody protein substance made in the body to destory foreign antigens antitoxin substance produced in reponse to and capable of nutralizing a toxin autoimmune disease condition related to making antibodies that act against ones own cells and tissues bifurcation forking into two, as the trachea bifurcates into two individual tubes bilateral pert. to two sides bradycardia condit. of slow heart beat catabolism process of casting down materials, to release energy in cells congential anomaly irregularity @ birth connective bind together contraindication to point out against, as reason why a drug should not be taken contralateral pert. to the opposite side diameter to measure through dialysis complete seperation, hemodialysis separating waste from the blood peritoneal dialysis using the peritoneum to filter blood. -trop development, nourishment hypertrophy excessive development (like muscle size) -stomy new opening gastroduodenostomy new opening o stomach and duoden stasis stopping, controlling hemostasis stopping or controlling bleeding -spasm sudden contraction dactlyospasm spasm (cramp) in fingers/toes -sis state of, condition diagnosis state of complete knowledge -scopy visual exam laryngoscopy vis exam of larnynx -scope instrument to examine cystoscope instrument for exam of urinary bladder -sclerosis hardening arterosclerosis hardening of the arteries -rrhea flow, discharge rhinorrhea discharge from nose -rrhapy