what is radiation
energy carried by waves or streams of particles
what is x-radiation
high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube
what is an x-ray
a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film
what is the science or study of radiation as used in medicine
radiology
what is a branch of medical science that deals with the use of x-rays, radioacitive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
radiology
what is a visible picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body; also called and x-ray film
radiograph
is a radiograph an x-ray
NO
what is a photographic image produced on film by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures called...
dental radiograph
________is the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of film to x-rays
radiography
______is the production/making of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of film to x-rays
dental radiography
any person who positions, exposes, and processes x-ray film is called a...
dental radiographer
what is the importance of dental radiographs
enables professional to identify conditions that cannot be identified clinically and might go undetected
list 5 uses of dental radiographs (out of )
detect lesions
confirm suspected disease
classify suspected disease
localize lesions
localize foreign objects
provide information during dental procedures
evaluate growth and development
illustrate changes secondary to caries, periodontal disease, trauma
document the condition of a patient
What term indicates form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles
radiation
what is the study or science of radiation as used in medicine
radiology
what is a stream of high-speed electrons originating from the cathode in x-ray tube
cathode ray
____is a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic fim
x-ray
what is a sealed glass tube with most air evacuated
vacuum tube
____is the production of radiographs of the TEETH and adjacent structures by the exposure of film to x-rays
dental radiography
what type of electrical charge does the proton carry
+
what is an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced?
ion
two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond
molecule
what is the emission and propogation of energy through space or substance in waves or particles
radiation
what is the production of ions, or process of converting an atom into ions (electron removed)
ionization
what is unstable atoms or elements spontaneously disintegrating/decaying in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state
radioactivity
what can be defined as radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron
ionizing radiation
when an electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process what is left...
ion pair
what contains the on-off switch, indicator light, exposure button, and control devices
control panel
what is the negative electrode that contains tungsten wire filament in molybdenum holder
cathode
what supplies electrons for an x-ray
cathode
what produces electrons for an x-ray
tungsten filament
what contains x-ray tube that produces x-rays
tubehead
what consists of a metal housing, insulating oil, tubehead seal, x-ray tube, transformer, aluminum disks, lead collimator, position-indicating device(PID)
tubehead
what supplies electrons that are necessary to generate x-rays
cathode
what dissapates the heat away from the tungsten target and is located in the anode
copper stem
what is the measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor
amperage
what is the x-ray tube peak voltage used during exposure
kilovoltage
what is energy of motion
kinetic energy
what is the release of electrons from tungsten filament when electrical current passes through and heats the filament
thermionic emission
what is the leaded glass vacuum tube that prevints x-rays from escaping in all directions called
leaded-glass housing
what is the measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a negative pole to a positive one
voltage
what is the term for the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at thte target of the anode and that exits the tubehead
primary beam
what is it called when an x-ray photon is deflected from it's path during passage through matter, causing ionization, and happening 62% of the time
compton scatter
what happens 8% of the time during exposure and does not cause ionization
coherent scatter
what is x-radiation created by primary beam interacting with matter
secondary radiation
what dislodges an inner-shell electron, causes ionization, and only happens at =>70kVp
characteristic radiation
molecules are formed in two ways
transferring or sharing electrons
what is an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced
ion
what is the production of ions
ionization
what is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom
radiation
what type of radiation is tiny particles, that posses mass, travel in straight lines, and at high speeds
particulate radiation
what are the four types of particulate radiation
electrons
--beta particles
--cathode rays
alpha particles
protons
neutrons
what are accelerated hydrogen nuclei
protons
what are accelerated particles with mass of 1 and NO electrical charge
neutrons
what are streams of high-speed electrons that originate in an x-ray tube and emitted by a manufactured device
cathode rays
what are fast moving electrons emitted from nucleus of radioactive atoms
beta particles
what are emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and exist as 2 protons and neutrons, NO electrons
alpha particles
what is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom
radiation
what is the propagation of wavelike energy through space or matter positioned at right angles
electromagnetic radiation
what are arranged in the electromagnetic spectrum according to their energies,and may be artificial or natural
electromagnetic radiation
Name 3 high-energyradiations capable of ionization
cosmic rays
gamma rays
x-rays
what characterizes electromagnetic radiation in terms of discrete bundles of energy called photons or quanta
Particle concept
what are bundles of energy with no mass or weight
photons
what travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line
photons
what are the 3 components to the wave concept
velocity
wavelength
frequency
what is the speed of a wave
velocity
what is the distance between the tops of the crests of waves
wavelength
what is the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
frequency
high freq=____wavelength
short
long wavelength=___freq
low
L=L=L (long=low=less energy)
x-rays=___freq+___wavelength
high
short
what is high=energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation
x-radiation
what interacts with the materials they penetrate and cause ionization
x-ray photons
x-rays travel at the speed of___
light
what controls the time, kilovoltage, milliamperage, and where is it located
control device on the control panes
what suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the wires, and allows for movement and positioning
extension arm
what is the tightly sealed, heavy metal housing, that contains the x-ray tube that produces dental x-rays
tubehead
what surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers, protects tube and grounds high voltage components
metal housing
what surrounds the x-ray tube and prevents overheating
insulating oil
what permits the exit of x-rays
tubehead seal
what is the heart of the generating system
x-ray tube
what alters the voltage of incoming electricity
transformer
what filters out longer wavelengths and is in the path of the x0ray beam
aluminum disks
what restricts size of x-ray beam
lead cllimator
what aims and shapes x-ray beam
PIG position-indicating device
what includes leaded-glass housing, cathode, anode and is a glass vacuum tube
x-ray tube
what directs the beam toward the aluminum disks, lead collimator, and PID
leaded glass housing
what is the positive electrode consisting of a tungsten plate)target) embedded in a copper rod
anode
what converts electrons into photons and has a copper stem to dissipate heat
anode
what is the negative electrode that consists of a tungsten wire filament in a cupholder of molybdenum that supplies electrons necessary to generate x-rays
cathode
what is the electrical current when electrons flow in one direction
direct current (DC)
what is the electrical current when electrons flow in two opposite directions
alternating current (AC)
what is the conversion of alternating current to direct current (AC->DC)
rectification
what is the measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor
"conductor of an orchestra..."
amperage (x-ray=milliamperes=>mA)
what is the measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a negative pole to a postive one
voltage=strength=force
what can increase or decrease the number of electrons passing through the cathode filament
mA
what controls the current passing from the cathode to the anode
kVp=kilovoltage=strength=force
which circuit uses 3 to 5 volts, regulates flow of electrical current to the filament, and is controlled by mA
filament circuit
which circuit uses 65k-100k volts, provides high voltage required to generate x-rays, and is controlled by kV settings
high-voltage circuit
mA=#of electrons
kV=^current
what device increases or decreases the voltage in an electrical circuit
transformer
which transformer is used to decrease voltage and is used by the filament circuit
step-down transformer
which transformer has more wires on the primary coil
step-down transformer
which transformer is used to increase voltage, has more wires onthe secondary coil, and is used by the high-voltage circuit
step-up transformer
which transformer auto=corrects for minor fluctuations because of the need for a steady flow
autotransformer
what is the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament
thermionic emission
what supplies the power to generate x-rays
electricity from the wall
the electrons stay in an electron cloud until the _______ circuit is activated
high-voltage
what directs the electrons to the tungsten target into the anode from the cathode
molybdenum cup
what restricts the size of the x-ray beam
collimator
the x-ray beam exits the tubehead at the opening of the...
PID
what radiation is produced when electrons hit or pass the nucleus of a tungsten target
general radiation
what percent is general radiation
70%
what radiation is produced when a high=speed electron dislodges an inner-shell electron causing ionization and only occurs at =>70kVp
characteristic radiation
what radiation is the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode
primary radiation
what radiation is created when the primary beam interacts with matter (teeth, bones, soft tissues)
secondary radiation
what radiation is a form of secondary radiation deflected from it's path by an interaction with matter
scatter radiation
when the x-ray photon passes through the atom and everything is unchanged, producing densities on film and making radiology possible
no interaction
____is the total transfer of energy from photon to the atoms of matter (patient)
absorption
what effect occurs 30% when an x-ray photon collides with a tightly bound inner-shell electron, gives up all its energy to eject the electron, and is absorbed by other atoms
photoelectric effect
what scatter occurs 62% when photon is deflected and ionization occurs...non-hit
compton scatter
what scatter happens 8% when low-energy photon interacts with an outer shell electron and does not cause ionization (more dense, bone=^chance of this scatter)
coherent scatter