Plasma membrane Seperation between cell contents and outside; allows substances to transport through Cytoplasm Vell content(gel like fluid) Nucleus Control center, genetic material DNA Cytoskeleton Internal support Mitochondria Energy ATP producer through cell respiration Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum Internal transport of molecules Goli apparatus (complex) Packages molecules for export from cell Peroxisome Detoxifies Centriole cell division Cilia Tiny hairs for movement Flagella Tail for movement Interphase Cell is in non-division or preparing for cell devision Mitosis Nuclear division Cytokinesis cytoplasmic division Prophase Chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles go towards the pole, mititic spindle fibers form. PMAT Metaphase Chromosomes are lined up at the equator Anaphase Chromosomes seperate and go towards the poles(hands) Telophase Chromosomes almost reach the poles, new nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis occurs Depth of focus vertical distance of abject total magnification specimen is enlarged ATP RNA nucleotide responsible for providing energy needed for almost all lifes processes RNA single strands of nucleotides, 1/2 strands of ladder, each ring is a nitrogenous base DNA Double helix which resembles a twisted ladder, each rung is made up of 2 nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds A,C,T,G........DNA adenine,cytosine,thymine,guanine RNA- a,c,u,g Adenine,cytosine,uracil,guanine dexyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA Sugar Nucleic acids contain DNA,RNA. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and used to store and transfer info Protiens amino acids...more than 50 its called a protien-1000 are considered macromolecules Phospholipids contain 1 phosphorus group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatyy acid chains Lipids neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids. used for energy storage, insulation and are componets for cell membranes. Lipids are made up of? Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain many nonpolar methyl groups which prevent lipids from dissolving into water Hydroxyl Alcohol, -OH, different than OH- in bases, which is hydroxide. Hydroxyl group is found? carbs, which include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Carboxyl -COOH  carboxylic acid, Carboxyl is found? fatty acid chains, which make up most types of lipids, and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Amine -NH2 Amine is found? amino acids, which make up proteins Ketone -C=O Ketone found in? byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. Ketones are strong and can affect the PH of body fluids Chemical Buffers Substances that neutralize the effect of changes in PH by attching to H+ or releasing H+, many buffers are weak acids or weak bases Bases 7-14 when bases dissociated in water, they release hydroxide ions(OH-) Bases attach to H+ in solution Bases are proton (H+) acceptors Acids 0-7, when acids dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions(H+) the number of H+ determine the acidity of a solution. H+ are also called PROTONS, acids are proton donors-donates protons. PH Defined as the number or concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. CAtion Ion with a + charge, formed when an atom of an element loses an electron Anion Ion with a - charge, formed when an atom of an element gains an electron Reproductive male- testes, penis Female- ovaries, uterus, vagina male-provides sperm to have babies Female- provides eggs to have babies Urinary Kidneys, bladder Maintains water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood. rids the body of nitrogen-containing waste-urea Digestive GI tract, liver, pancreas Digestion and absorption Respiratory Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs Keeps blood supplies with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide Lymphatic Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils Cleanses body protecting against foreign substances Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, and nutrients to the body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from the body Endocrine Various glands Helps maintain homeostasis by producing hormones(slow communication) Nervous Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Allows body to rapidly detect changes and to respond(rapid communication) Muscular Muscles attached to the skeleton Contractions for locomotion, generates heat Skeletal Bones, cartilages and joints Body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action blood cell formation Integumentary Epidermal and dermal skin Protects deeper organs from ingury excretes waste, regulates body temp Dorsal Spinal(vertebral) and Cranial Ventral Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Thoracic pericardial, pleural,mediastinum Abdominopelvic abdominal and pelvic G1 Inital growth preparing DNA replication S DNA replication G@ Second growth-prepairing for mitosis M Mitosis G0 Idle phase Epithelial tissue Line surfaces with connective tissue Simple squamous epithelium single layer of flatted cells with flattened nucleus lung air sacs, kidney membrane exchange material by diffusion and filtrationm Simple cuboidal epithelium single layer of cells that are equal in height and  width witha spherical nucleus kidney tubules secretion and absorption simple columnar epithelium single layer of cells which are higher than they are wide, with vertically elongated nucleus lines digestive tract secretion and absorption Stratified squamous epithelium stratified ep with top cells flattened squamous cells skin. mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus physical protection against wear and friction Pseudostratified columnar ep Fakely stratified columbar cells lines the trachea secretion of mucus traps debris, then cilia moves the mucus Transitional ep Stratified ep with the top cells "transitioning" from flat squamous-like cell when the tissue is streched, to a cuboidal-like domed cell when the tissue is relaxed Lines urinary bladder protection and allows stretching and recoiling Plasma membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Smoth ER lipid synthesis-Series of membrane-enclosed sacs that detoxify substances and synthesize lipids Mitochondria Produces the bulk of the cells ATP Ribosomes Granular organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis Rough ER Protein synthesis-Series of membranes-encloused sacs with ribosomes on the surface Nucleus Biosynthetic center of the cell Nucleolus The cell's "ribosome factory" Lysosome hydrolytic enzymes-membranes contain-Contains digestive enzymes Microtubule cytoskeletal filament found in the cilia and flagella Golgi apparatus Stack of flattened sacs that modify and sort proeins Mitochondrion power house, cell respiration peroxisome detox centriole mitotic spindle