Plasma membrane
Seperation between cell contents and outside; allows substances to transport through
Cytoplasm
Vell content(gel like fluid)
Nucleus
Control center, genetic material DNA
Cytoskeleton
Internal support
Mitochondria
Energy ATP producer through cell respiration
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Internal transport of molecules
Goli apparatus (complex)
Packages molecules for export from cell
Peroxisome
Detoxifies
Centriole
cell division
Cilia
Tiny hairs for movement
Flagella
Tail for movement
Interphase
Cell is in non-division or preparing for cell devision
Mitosis
Nuclear division
Cytokinesis
cytoplasmic division
Prophase
Chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles go towards the pole, mititic spindle fibers form. PMAT
Metaphase
Chromosomes are lined up at the equator
Anaphase
Chromosomes seperate and go towards the poles(hands)
Telophase
Chromosomes almost reach the poles, new nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis occurs
Depth of focus
vertical distance of abject
total magnification
specimen is enlarged
ATP
RNA nucleotide responsible for providing energy needed for almost all lifes processes
RNA
single strands of nucleotides, 1/2 strands of ladder, each ring is a nitrogenous base
DNA
Double helix which resembles a twisted ladder, each rung is made up of 2 nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds
A,C,T,G........DNA
adenine,cytosine,thymine,guanine
RNA- a,c,u,g
Adenine,cytosine,uracil,guanine
dexyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
Sugar
Nucleic acids
contain DNA,RNA. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and used to store and transfer info
Protiens
amino acids...more than 50 its called a protien-1000 are considered macromolecules
Phospholipids
contain 1 phosphorus group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatyy acid chains
Lipids
neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids. used for energy storage, insulation and are componets for cell membranes.
Lipids are made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain many nonpolar methyl groups which prevent lipids from dissolving into water
Hydroxyl
Alcohol, -OH, different than OH- in bases, which is hydroxide.
Hydroxyl group is found?
carbs, which include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Carboxyl
-COOH carboxylic acid,
Carboxyl is found?
fatty acid chains, which make up most types of lipids, and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
Amine
-NH2
Amine is found?
amino acids, which make up proteins
Ketone
-C=O
Ketone found in?
byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. Ketones are strong and can affect the PH of body fluids
Chemical Buffers
Substances that neutralize the effect of changes in PH by attching to H+ or releasing H+, many buffers are weak acids or weak bases
Bases
7-14 when bases dissociated in water, they release hydroxide ions(OH-) Bases attach to H+ in solution
Bases are proton (H+) acceptors
Acids
0-7, when acids dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions(H+) the number of H+ determine the acidity of a solution. H+ are also called PROTONS, acids are proton donors-donates protons.
PH
Defined as the number or concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
CAtion
Ion with a + charge, formed when an atom of an element loses an electron
Anion
Ion with a - charge, formed when an atom of an element gains an electron
Reproductive
male- testes, penis
Female- ovaries, uterus, vagina
male-provides sperm to have babies
Female- provides eggs to have babies
Urinary
Kidneys, bladder
Maintains water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood. rids the body of nitrogen-containing waste-urea
Digestive
GI tract, liver, pancreas
Digestion and absorption
Respiratory
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Keeps blood supplies with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
Lymphatic
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Cleanses body protecting against foreign substances
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, and nutrients to the body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from the body
Endocrine
Various glands
Helps maintain homeostasis by producing hormones(slow communication)
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Allows body to rapidly detect changes and to respond(rapid communication)
Muscular
Muscles attached to the skeleton
Contractions for locomotion, generates heat
Skeletal
Bones, cartilages and joints
Body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action blood cell formation
Integumentary
Epidermal and dermal skin
Protects deeper organs from ingury excretes waste, regulates body temp
Dorsal
Spinal(vertebral) and Cranial
Ventral
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Thoracic
pericardial, pleural,mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
abdominal and pelvic
G1
Inital growth preparing DNA replication
S
DNA replication
G@
Second growth-prepairing for mitosis
M
Mitosis
G0
Idle phase
Epithelial tissue
Line surfaces with connective tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flatted cells with flattened nucleus
lung air sacs, kidney membrane
exchange material by diffusion and filtrationm
Simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cells that are equal in height and width witha spherical nucleus
kidney tubules
secretion and absorption
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of cells which are higher than they are wide, with vertically elongated nucleus
lines digestive tract
secretion and absorption
Stratified squamous epithelium
stratified ep with top cells flattened squamous cells
skin. mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
physical protection against wear and friction
Pseudostratified columnar ep
Fakely stratified columbar cells
lines the trachea
secretion of mucus traps debris, then cilia moves the mucus
Transitional ep
Stratified ep with the top cells "transitioning" from flat squamous-like cell when the tissue is streched, to a cuboidal-like domed cell when the tissue is relaxed
Lines urinary bladder
protection and allows stretching and recoiling
Plasma membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
Smoth ER
lipid synthesis-Series of membrane-enclosed sacs that detoxify substances and synthesize lipids
Mitochondria
Produces the bulk of the cells ATP
Ribosomes
Granular organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis
Rough ER
Protein synthesis-Series of membranes-encloused sacs with ribosomes on the surface
Nucleus
Biosynthetic center of the cell
Nucleolus
The cell's "ribosome factory"
Lysosome
hydrolytic enzymes-membranes contain-Contains digestive enzymes
Microtubule
cytoskeletal filament found in the cilia and flagella
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened sacs that modify and sort proeins
Mitochondrion
power house, cell respiration
peroxisome
detox
centriole
mitotic spindle