Reasons for Word-Use Errors:
Children make ___ __ ___ - they may truly think that a horse and a cow are the same kind of animal and thus use to word horse to label a cow because they know the word horse
category membership errors
Reasons for Word-Use Errors:
Children make ___ ____ - when they know that two objects are conceptually different but do not yet have a name for one of the objects and intentionally substitute a semantically related word
pragmatic errors
Reasons for Word-Use Errors:
Children make a ___ ____ - when they know a certain word but for some reason cannot retrieve the word and unintentionally select a different word.
retrieval error
The ___ tier of lexical principles framework includes the principles of reference, extendibility, and object scope
first
The ____ tier of lexical principles framework includes the principles of conventionality, categorical scope, and novel name-nameless category (N3C)
second
Children can use tier ___ principles as soon as they begin to acquire words because these principles rely on cognitive-perceptual abilities
1
First Tier Principles:
The principle of _____ states that words symbolize objects, actions, events, and concepts. (For example, Daddy stands for or symbolizes someones father)
reference
First Tier Principles:
The principle of ____ refers to the notion that words label categories of objects and not just the original exemplar.
-Therefore the word ball can be used to describe multiple objects that fall under the basic category ball
extendibility
First Tier Principles:
The principle of ___ ____ states that words map to whole objects
-First, children using the principle of object scope assume that novel words label objects rather than actions. When children hear a novel label, they prefer to attach the label to an object instead of an action
object scope
Second, object scope presupposes that the ___ ___ ___, which means that words label whole objects and not object parts. Therefore a toddler who witnesses a bird flying in the sky will likely assume that the word bird refers to the bird rather than the action of flying around
whole object assumption
Second Tier Principles:
The principle of ____ states that for children to communicate successfully they must adopt the terms that people in their language community understand
conventionality
Second Tier Principles:
The principle of ___ ____ builds on the tier 1 principle of extendibility by limiting the basis for extension to words that are in the same category.
categorical scope
Second Tier Principles:
The principle of ____ ___-____ ____ supports the ter 1 principle of the object scope by helping children select a nameless object as the recipient of a novel label
novel name- nameless category
Infants can follow another persons gaze and pointing gestures, engage in joint attention, and imitate actions by age ___-___
9-12
As early as ___ months, infants can use social cues
12
Fast mapping is not limited to an ability or word learning
-This is because it is considered a ___-___ word learning mechanism
domain-general
a ___ ____ is the part a word plays in an event, and such roles include agent, theme, source, and location
thematic role
An ____ is the entity that performs the action
agent
The ___ is the entity undergoing an action or a movement (Tamika flew a kite)
theme
A ____ is the starting point for movement
A ____ is the ending point for movement
source, goal
___is the place where an action occurs is the place where an action occurs
Location
Toddlers learn from an early age that ___ ____ link to corresponding syntactic elements
-2.5 year old toddlers attend to the overall structure of sentences when interpreting new words
thematic roles
___ functions by requesting information from other people to learn about the world
Heuristic
Toddlers dont display much skill in ____
-Toddlers demonstrate some skill in starting a _____, but they cannot usually sustain it for more than one or two turns
-Toddlers have difficulty keeping their audience’s needs in mind
-They are not proficient at realizing when they are not following along in a ____
conversation
-An individual toddler’s language development is not linear
-They follow a series of spurts and plateus
intraindividual differences
-Boys and girls typically show differences in language acquisition and use
-Birth order affects language acquisition
-SES status has an impakt
Interindividual differences
Three popular measures for research:
-production tasks, comprehension tasks, and judgement tasks
Production Tasks:
-The experimenter produces a target phrase and the requests that the child repeat it exactly a she heard it.
-Gauges underlying linguistic competence, and takes advantage of children’s natural ability to imitate other people’s movements and speech sounds and compare them to adultlike forms
-Researchers assume that for a child to successfully imitate a target, the target must be a part of the child’s grammatical repertoire
elicited imitation tasks
Production Tasks:
-designed to reveal aspects of children’s language abilities by having them produce specific sentence structures in the context of a game
-Introducing a novel name and seeing if the child can produce the correct inflections (wug -> wugs)
elicited production tasks
Have kids either match or point to pictures of target words and phrases or act out phrases they hear an experimenter say
Comprehension Tasks
Comprehension Tasks:
the experimenter presents a language target and asks the child to choose the picture that corresponds to the target
picture selection task
Comprehension Tasks:
-use to investigate the child’s competence with various language constructions, and experimenter presents a child with a series of props and instructs the child to “act” out the sentences he or she hears
act-out task
Comprehension Tasks:
-Children are asked to decide whether certain language construction are appropriate so that their level of grammatical competence can be assessed
Judgement tasks
Comprehension tasks:
-Children are asked to judge certain language constructions to be correct or incorrect.
-Scenarios are presented and questions are asked
truth value judgement tasks