What is the order of DNA replication?
Transcription = DNA to mRNA
Translation = mRNA to protein

What class of drugs attack 30s ribosomes?
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

What class of drugs attack 50s ribosomes?
Macrolides

Where are steroids produced?
Adrenal cortex

What part of the cell is affected in tay sach's disease?
Lysosomes

What part of the cell is affected in leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and kearns-sayre syndrome?
Mitochondria

What is the main ion inside the cell?
K+

What is the ratio of Na/K pumped out of the cell?
3Na:2K

What is the main ion outside the cell?
Na+

What is depolarization?
Inside of cell becomes more positive = action potential

What is hyperpolarization?
Inside of cell becomes more negative = stalled action

What are the concentrations of intracellular, extracellular compartments and plasma in the body?
25L, 12L, 3L

What do A1 receptors do?
A+ MUScles are drinking their calcium
Increase intracellular calcium (together with muscarinic)

What are the locations of A1 receptors?
Radial iris dilator
Vascular SM
GI sphincters

What do A2 receptors do?
Decrease cAMP
Inhibitory response in heart, elsewhere = sympathetic

what do B1 receptors do?
Stimulate adenylyl cyclase
Increase cAMP

Where are the locations of B1 receptors?
Heart
Salivary glands
Adipose tissue
Kidneys
NPCE

What do B2 receptors do?
Increase cAMP

What are the locations of B2 receptors?
Bronchioles
GI tract
Bladder wall
Vascular SM
TM
CB

What is the only receptor to act on Na/K channels?
Nicotinic
A NaK for being unique

What are zonula occludens?
Impermeable Tight belt junctions around entire cell
BAB & BBB

What are zonula adherens?
Junctions that allow for intercellular passage

What are macula occludens?
Impermeable spot welds

What are gap junctions?
Channels connected to other channels for rapid electrical transfer = HDMI port

What type of cells are binuclear?
Hepatocytes
Cardiac muscle
Urinary tract epithelial cells

What type of cells are multinuclear?
Osteoclasts
Skeletal muscle

What type of cells are anuclear?
RBCs

What is contained within the nucleolus?
Dense chromatin

What does the nucleolus do?
Responsible for production of rRNA

What is rRNA?
Found in ribosomes
Responsible for protein translation

What is tRNA?
Responsible for translation
Which is transfer of amino acids to a growing protein

What do hepatocytes do?
Storage and breakdown of glycogen
Detox of lipid soluble drugs

What do ribosomes do?
Manufacture protein

What does smooth er do?
Lipid and steroid production
Produces fatty acids

What is rough ER responsible for?
Protein synthesis

What does the golgi apparatus do?
Modify and package proteins from rough ER to outside of cell
(fedex)

What do lysosomes do?
Trashmen

What does the mitochondria do?
Produces ATP

What do microtubules do?
Intercellular motility

What do intermediate filaments do?
Act as a super highway to/from nucleus
Gives resistance against external pressure on cell

What is the intracellular charge at equilibrium?
-90mV