What is the percentage of solids in a sample of human blood?
45%
How would a women with Rh- blood have anti- Rh antibodies in her blood?
Rh+ erythrocytes were previously introduced into her blood
What blood cells help provide a defense against diesease organisms?
Leukocytes aka white blood cells
What happens to heme after hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin?
It is removed by the liver as bile pigments
A decrease in blood oxygen increases the release of ------- from the kidneys and liver, and it stimulates the production of ------ by the bone marrow.
erythropoietin: erythrocyes
What is the term for phagocytic leukocytes(WBC) leaving the blood vessels and entering the tissue spaces?
Diapedesis
When performing a blood transfusion what must be considered concerning the donor and the recipient?
The antigens of the donor and the antibodies of the recipient.
A person with B blood has which antigens and anti-bodies?
B antigens
Anti- A antibodies
Cytoplasmic fragments of cells
Platelets
The preferred blood type for transfusing a person with A Rh- is -----, but when it is unavaiable, blood type ----- may be used.
A Rh-;
O Rh-
Rh- can only use Rh-
Iron is stored in the form of ----- in the liver.
ferritin
What is the normal percentage level of hematocrit in females?
37%-47%
What is the most abundant component of blood plasma?
Water
What is the precursor to all blood cells?
Hemocytoblast
Plasma protiens that are important to our body's defense are called:
gamma globulins
A deficiencey of folic acid and vitamin B12 decreases RBC production by:
decreasing the synthesis of DNA molecules
RBC are regulated by what hormone?
Erythropoietin
Which blood components transport the most gas?
Erythrocytes aka Red blood cells
What are the three functions of blood?
1.Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
2.Regulation of Ph and body temp.
3.Protection against harmful organisms and blood clotting.
What are the 2 components that make up blood? What are the percentages of blood volume they account for?
1.Plasma, 55%
2. Formed elements, 45%
What are the 3 formed elements in blood?
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Platelets/ Thrombocytes
What is the function of Erythrocytes? What percentage of formed elements do they account for?
Erythrocytes transport gases through the blood, they account for 99% of formed elements.
What is the function of Leukocytes?
Leukocytes help defend the body against microorganisms and toxins.
What is the fuction of Thrombocytes? How are thrombocytes described?
Thrombocytes help in blood clotting. They are cellular fragments.
What are the three physical characteristics of blood?
1. Volume, about 5 liters
2. Viscous fluid
3. Ph range, 7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline
What is the Hematocrit(HCT)/ Packed Cell Volume(PCV)?
A test used to measure RBC/Erythrocytes.
What are normal percentage values for men and women in a hematocrit?
female-37-47%
male- 40-54%
What is the morphology of RBC and why is it important? Give 3 reasons
Bioconcave disks
1. larger surface area for faster gas diffusion
2. rouleaux (stacking)
3. deformability, elastic and flexible to enter small capillaries
How much hemoglobin (by volume) is in each RBC? What isthe function of hemoglobin?
about 1/3
It is the iron containing pigment in RBC that give blood it's color
If there was an issue with hemoglobin synthesis what would be noiticed on the RBC stain?
An increased area of Central Pallor, or larger center
What are the normal values of hemoglobin for females and males?
female- 12-16 gm per 100ml of whole blood
male- 14-18 gm per 100ml of blood
What compound is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin? What color is it?
Oxyhemoglobin, bright red
What is Deoxyhemoglobin? What color is it?
When hemoglobin releases oxygen, bluish apperance
Cyanosis
Result of an increase of deoxyhemoglobin that causes bluish color of skin and mucous membrane
What does a mature blood cell lack and why is that a good thing?
nuclei and mitochondria. depends on glcolysis, no mitosis or cell synthesis
It is good because no oxygen gets absorbed by RBC
What are normal RBC counts in females and males?
females-4.2-5.4 million per mm3
male- 4.6-6.2 million per mm3
What is the average life span of a RBC?
120 days
What cell phagocytizes RBC?
macrophages
What happens to hemoglobin when realeased from phagocytized RBC?
It is broken down into heme and globin
What happens to the heme part of hemoglobin when realesed?
It becomes iron and biliverdin.
the iron bonds with transferrin, gets transfered to bone marrow, and begins producing more hemoglobin.
biliverdin(greenish) converts to bilirubin(orange)and gets excretedfrom liver as bile
What is iron calles when stores in the liver?
ferritin
What is Jaundice?
yellowness of skin, white of eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to depositing of bile pigments from excess amounts of Bilirubin in the blood
What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin once it is realeased from RBC?
It is the protien portion of blood that gets degraded to amino acids to be reused or catabolized
What is Hemstopoiesis and where does it occur?
Hematopoiesis is RBC production and occurs in the red bone marrow
What is the cell order for RBC in Erythropoesis?
Hemocytoblast(Stem Cell)
Proerythroblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte(Mature red blood cell)
What hormone regulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin
What triggers Erythropoietin release?
low oxygen levels.
What vitimains affect RBC production?
B12 and folic acid
What is the function of Leukocytes?
defend against pathogens
What is positive chemotaxis?
when WBC are attracted to chemicals released by damaged cells or bacteris that are multiplying.. Results in a large number of WBC in an inflamed area.
What are the two types of Leukocytes?
Granulocytes-has granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes- no granules in cytoplasm
What are three types of Leukocytes? colors with what dye type? nucleus lobes?
1. neutrophils(polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes/PMN), lavander in netural, 2-5 lobes
2. Eosinophils, Red/Orange with acid dye Eosin, Bilobed
3. Basophils, Blue/violet with basic dye. bilobed
Where do granulocytes develop?
In red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts
What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphoctyes
What is the largest WBC?
Monocytes, they are 2-3 times larger than RBC's
What are normal WBC counts?
from 4500 to 10000 per mm3 of blood
What is Leukocytosis?
High WBC count(above 10000), indicates infection, vigorous exercise, or excessive loss of body fluids
What is Leukopenia?
WBC bleow 5000, associated with viral infections, lead and arsenic poisoning
What is differential WBC count(DIFF)?
Shows the percentages of leukocytes present in a blood sample
What is the correct orderof leukocytes in a blood sample from most common to least common?
Neutrphils_54%-62%
Lymphocytes_25%-33%
Monocytes- 3%-9%
Eosinophils- 1%-3%
Basophils- Less than 1%
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannannas
Which WBC are used to phagocyize foreign particles?
Neutrophils for smaller particles and Monocytes for larger particles
Which WBC helps in allergic reactions, increases during a parasitic infection, and inactivates Histamine?
Eosniphils
Which WBC releases Heparin( an anticoagulant) and Histamine?
Basophils
Which WBC is involves in antibody formation?
Lymphocytes
The hemoglobin within erythrocytes plays a major role in the transport of ________ by the blood.
Oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin is ______ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ______ in color.
bright red; bluish
Which blood components transport most of the gases?
Erythrocytes
A large majority of the proteins found in plasma are produced by the __________.
Liver
Hemostasis involves three mechanisms to prevent blood loss. These include all but which of the following?
B. Agglutination
Plasma proteins that are important in our body's defense are referred to as the:
gamma gobulins
The function of hemoglobin is to
transport oxygen
As a platelet plug forms, platelets release a vasoconstricting substance called:
Serotonin
The most active Phagocytic Cells found in circulating blood are:
Neutrophils and Monocytes
The cells from which white blood cells are derived are called
hemocytoblasts.
A person with blood type AB possesses ________ on the cell membrane of his/her erythrocytes
Antigens A and B
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone
Erythropoietin
If a person has only B antigens on their RBCs, they have blood type:
B-
Platelets are best described as
cytoplasmic fragments of cells.
Identify the blood type that is the "universal donor".
O
Identify the giant cells that are located in the red bone marrow and they give rise to thrombocytes.
A. megakaryocytes
The nutrient(s) required for the production of hemoglobin include
B. all of these choices are correct
Which of the following is a precursor to all blood cells?
B. Hemocytoblast
Which of the following is not a formed element?
D. plasma
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
B. globin
Iron is stored in the liver in the form of _____.
ferritin
Mature ________ are the most abundant of the formed elements.
Erythrocytes
In a given volume of blood, about ________% is plasma and ________% is formed elements.
55; 45
Erythrocytes are formed from stem cells called:
hemocytoblasts
In the human adult, red blood cells are normally produced in the:
red bone marrow
The normal level for hematocrit in females is
37-47%
Red blood cells live around _____ before they disintegrate or are targeted for destruction by Macrophages.
120 days
A primary function of eosinophils is to
respond to parasitic infections
A person with B blood type has:
B antigens on their red blood cells and anti-a antibodies in their plasma
Which of the following is a precursor to all blood cells?
Hemocytoblast
Blood platelets
E. all of the above are correct
Which of the following is/are correct concerning granulocytes?
D. all of the above
The enzyme ________ converts fibrinogen into strands of ________, which form a blood clot.
thrombin; fibrin
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.
After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme?
It is removed by the liver as bile pigments.
As a platelet plug forms, platelets release a vasoconstricting substance called:
Serotonin
___________ for approximately 60% of the plasma proteins and are active in maintaining osmotic pressure of blood.
Albumin
________ are leukocytes that migrate into tissues and become macrophages.
Monocytes
The average amount of blood in an adult is _____ L.
5
Damaged or old red blood cells are removed by the liver and _____.
spleen
Myeloid leukemia can be evidenced by an increase in _____.
D) neutrophils
Which protein functions in coagulation?
B) fibrinogen
Newborn babies would have difficulty removing bile pigments because of their immature livers.
True
False
True
The percentage of blood cells in whole blood is called _____.
C) hematocrit
The buffy coat evidenced by separating blood cells is comprised of _____.
C) platelets and leukocytes
Which blood components transport most of the gases?
A) erythrocytes
Each red cell contains about _____% of its volume as the pigment hemoglobin.
D) 33 or 1/3
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
B) monocyte
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cell count?
A) polycythemia
Which condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12?
D) pernicious anemia
Which cells are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes?
A) neutrophils
Which cells are the rarest leukocytes?
C) basophils
Which organ has the greatest role in synthesizing most blood nutrients?
A) liver
When red blood cells are worn out, part of their components are recycled while others are
disposed. Which is incorrect
cells.
B) The greenish pigment, biliverdin, is recycled to the bone marrow.
Which dietary component(s) is/are needed for DNA synthesis, and thus greatly influence the production of red blood cells?
D) vitamin B12 and folic acid
The type of white blood cell that is often the first to arrive at the site of infection is a granulocyte and contains granules that stains light purple is a
C) neutrophil
Which cell has no nucleus when it is mature?
D) erythrocyte
Which of these did NOT develop from a myeloblast?
D) monocyte
Which white blood cells are the most common?
A) neutrophils
Which leukocytes are the largest in the peripheral blood?
A) monocytes
Which leukocyte does NOT have phagocytic properties?
A) lymphocyte
The condition called _____ is evidenced by a DIFF over 10,000 per cubic mm of whole blood.
C) leukocytosis
Which of the following is a probable cause of leukocytosis?
D) appendicitis
The _____ cells are actively involved with allergies.
B) eosinophil
The _____ cells are the usual sources of heparin.
A) basophil
Which cells release antibodies into the circulation?
B) lymphocytes
Which components are the source of serotonin which causes smooth muscle cells to contract?
D) platelets
What is the most common component in the plasma?
B) water
How much of the plasma is protein?
C) 7%, because 92% is water
Which is the most abundant of the plasma proteins?
A) albumin
What is the most significant factor that helps maintain blood osmotic pressure?
D) albumin
Which molecules are the sources of most antibodies?
B) gamma globulin
Which mineral is essential for coagulation to occur?
C) Ca2+
Which chemical initiates the extrinsic phase of clotting?
D) thromboplastin
Which of the following is NOT always present in the blood?
A) thrombin
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
A) thrombin
Which is the last molecule to appear in a clotting reaction?
B) fibrin
Which of these can dissolve a blood clot?
C) plasmin
Which is the rarest ABO blood type?
A) AB
Select the statement about red blood cells that is incorrect.
A) Deoxyhemoglobin is saturated with oxygen.
The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are the _______________.
D) monocytes
A person with eosinophilia, or greater than normal numbers of eosinophils, is most likely suffering from?
C) allergies or internal parasites
An acute infection would show up in a blood count as ______________.
D) leukocytosis
Which plasma proteins help transport lipids in the bloodstream?
A) alpha and beta globulins
Choose the correct order for the steps of hemostasis.
