-
use appendanges to strain particulate food matter from the water
suspension feeders
-
Draw water in through siphon, filter food particles and spits out water
- Filter feeders
- ex: clams, scallops
-
process mud, removing food particles
- Deposit feeders
- ex: sand dollars
-
seek out primary producers as food
Active herbivores (grazers)
ex. sea urchin, limpets
-
seek out animal prey
active carnivores
-
with unlimited resources, the shape of the population curve would be
J
-
The resources are limited, so populations are resisted, resulting in a what shaped curve
S
-
The size of the population that the community can support under a stable set of environmental conditions
carrying capacity
-
The number of individuals per unit area (or volume)
Population Density
-
The position of one individual has no relation to position of another
Random distribution
-
individuals occur in tight groups or clumps
- Clumped distribution
- ex. plankton and snails, most organisms are like this
-
Individuals are distributed in a manner that maximizes the space between each one
Uniform distribution
-
undisturbed community (both ecological and evolutionary time scale):
species create niches for more species to occupy
Greater Distrubance, Less Diversity
Competition= reduction in diversity
competitive exclusion forces species out of community
Competitive equilibrium Theory
-
Random disturbances prevents competitive exclusion...diversity increases with increasing disturbance until a certain point
non-equilibrium theory
-
Type of Substrate- soft (mud or sand) hard(rock)
Degree of Wave energy- High energy (rock) Low energy (Sand or mud)
Benthos
-
3 living strategies
- Attached
- Free Living
- burrowing
-
Large organisms like a lobster with high biomass and low productivity
Macrobenthos
-
Medium Sized organisms like a clame with low biomass and high productivity
meiobenthos
-
small sized organisms with low biomass and high productivity like round worms
microbenthos
-
area between high and low tides
intertidal zone
-
Intertidal zone has..
high productivity and high biodiversity
-
organisms within the intertidal zone must withstand what three factors
- desiccation
- wave shock
- drastic temp and salinity changes
-
Zonation results from what three factors
- 1. Preferential larval settlement and adult movement:
- 2. Different physiological tolherance: higher intertidal more tolherant of desiccation, reduced feeding, hypoxia, and extreme temp swings
- 3. Biological interactions like competitionand predation:
- –Rocky shores are space limited – species
- capable of overgrowing or undercutting others may dominate
- –Marine predators are limited by tidal cycle
- – usually limits predation to lower part
-
Intertidal zone alternates between marine and terrestrial zones...changes that cause 4 things
- heat stress
- desiccation
- hypoxia
- reduced feeding oppurtunities
-
body size and shape help deal with
heat stress
-
adaptations to hypoxia include..
- reduced metabolic rates
- blood pigments with higher oxygen affinity
- air breathing
-
wave shock could...
- 1.Abrasion
- – particles in suspension or floating debris scrape delicate structures
●
- 2.Pressure
- – hydrostatic pressure of a breaking wave could break or damage structures
●
- 3.Pressure
- Drag – directional force of water movement may rip apart support structures or
- dislodge holdfasts
-
Sediment grain size determines distribution of animals, grain size..
increases with increasing energy
-
Soft sediment burrowers use ____ and ___
mechanisms to move through the substrate
hydromechanical and simple digging
-
how do interstitial animals adapt to water flow and life in small places?
simple body plans, a wormlike shape, or adhering to particles
-
Live ON surfaces
Epifauna
-
Live IN sediments and rocks
Infauna
-
interstitial animals live...
in spaces between sand grains ex. worm, crustacean,
-
-
Salt marshes and estuaries
- are rich in nutrients and have abundant sunlight. This results in very high
- primary production, yielding an abundant food supply to support many organisms.
- However the organisms in
- these communities must cope with fluctuating salinity. The water in these areas
- is often brackish -- a mixture of fresh water and sea water. These environments
- also
-
___ has the greatest biodiversity of all marine communities. More than 1,000,000 species
coral reef
-
An adpatation of the deep sea, where food is scarce, of the anglerfish and gulper eels...
swallow prey bigger than themselves
-
Characteristics of deep sea floor organisms
- benthic deposit feeders
- slow metabolisms
- don't require a lot of food
- live a long time, 100 years
-
Deep sea biomass is only ___ of biomass in shallow water
1%
-
What uses hydrogen sulfide that comes out of smokers to as energy?
chemosynthetic bacteria. They are primary producers, survive without sunlight
-
Close and prolonged interaction between species
Symbiosis
-
Both species benefit
mutualism...corals and algae, clownfish and anemone
-
one benefits, other is not helped nor harmed
Commensalism..ex barnicle and seaturtle
-
One is benefited, other harmed...most common
Parasitism
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