-
What is the function of the thyroid cartilage?
- Made of hyaline cartilage
- Looks like a shield
- Ligament to hyoid
- laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)
- Ant. anchor for vocal cords and epiglottis
-
What is the function of the cricoid cartilage?
- Hyaline cartilage ring
- Ligament to thyroid cartilage and to trachea
-
What is the function of the epiglottis?
- Elastic cartilage
- Covers larynx while swallowing
-
What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?
- Posterior view
- Hyaline cartilage
- Vocal cords anchor posteriorly
-
What is the function of the corniculate cartilages?
- Elastic cartilage
- Move with arytenoids
-
What is the function of the cuneiform cartilages?
- Elastic cartilage buried in lateral walls
- Supports soft tissue in lateral walls
-
What is the trachea composed of?
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET with GCs and lamina propria
- Submucosa is WFCT with tracheal glands which secrete mucus
- Tracheal rings are C shaped hyaline cartilage. Esophagus is posterior to this.
- Trachealis muscle is smooth MT which helps us cough
- Adventicia
-
Why does the trachea have C shaped cartilage rings?
C shaped rings prevent collapse of trachea.
-
What does the trachea serve?
Both lungs
-
What do the primary bronchus serve?
1 lung-left or right
-
What do the secondary bronchus serve and how many are there?
- A lobe
- 5 of them-2 on the left and 3 on the right
-
What do the tertiary bronchus serve and how many are there?
- Bronchopulmonary segments
- 18-20 (always 10 on right)
-
What zone are the bronchi part of?
Conducting zone of the respiratory system
-
What zone are the alveoli part of?
Respiratory zone of the respiratory system
-
What are the different layers of the trachea?
- Mucosa-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET with Gcs
- Tunica submucosa-thick with many tracheal glands (seromucous)
- Hyaline cartilage rings
- Trachealis muscle-Smooth MT
-
What are type I cells and what is their function?
- Simple squamous ET cells
- Fxn: form respiratory membrane with endothelium of the capillary for gas exchange
-
What are type II cells and what are their functions?
- Septal cells
- Secrete pulmonary surfactant-breaks surface tension of water so alveoli don't stick
-
What are alveolar macrophages and what is their function?
- Dust cells
- Hang out in lumen
- Phagocytize cells
-
What occurs when someone has emphysema?
Macrophages destroy lung tissue
-
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
Funnels urine to the ureter. Sits in renal sinus
-
What will you find in the hilus of the urinary bladder?
Renal artery, vein and ureter
-
Describe fluid flow in the kidneys
- Urine exits renal papillae
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
- ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
- toilet/bush/etc.
-
What are the different uriniferous tubules and what are their functions?
- Nephrons: filters blood and modifies filtrate
- Collecting duct: gathers filtrate from nephron and may modify it under certain conditions-urine exits here
-
What are the different capillary beds in the urinary system and how do they differ?
- 1st bed: glomerulus for filtration-not gas exchange!
- 2nd bed: peritubular capillaries or vasa recta for gas exchange and selective reabsoprtion and secretion
-
What does the renal corpuscle contain?
- Bowmans capsule:
- -Parietal layer: simple squamous ET
- -Visceral layer:podocytes with filtration slits
- -Capsular space
- Glomerulus
-
What is the structural difference between the DCT and PCT?
- PCT: simple cuboidal ET with tall microvilli for selective reabsorption of solutes and water into peritubular capillaries
- DCT: Simple cuboidal ET with no modifications. Selective secretion from peritubular capillaries
-
What are the different types of nephrons?
- Cortical nephrons: shorter and most abundant
- Juxtamedullary nephonrs: longer
-
What is the difference between the ascending limb of loop of Henle and descending limb?
- Descending: simple squamous ET. Water exits by osmosis
- Ascending: simple cuboidal ET. Reabsorption of Na and Cl ions
-
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?
Where DCT contacts afferent arteriole-macula densa
-
What is the function of the macula densa cells?
Monitor ion filtrate and they stimulate juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole to secrete renin
-
What is the function of the hormone renin?
Increases blood volume/ion concentration
-
What is the structure and function of the collecting duct?
- Simpel cuboidal-> simple columnar ET
- Last chance to reabsorb water if needed
-
How does the pituitary gland work on the collecting duct?
- Pituitary releases ADH if you're dehydrated
- Tells collecting duct ET to let water leave and enter the peritubular capillaries
- Alcohol inhibits this
-
What is the structure of the urinary bladder?
- Mucosa: transitional ET and lamina propria (highly vascularized)
- Submucosa-WFCT
- Muscularis: detrusor muscle. Longitudinal, circular, longitudinal
- Adventitia-areolar CT
-
What is the structure of the ureter?
- Mucosa: star shaped lumen. Transitional ET with lamina propria
- Submucosa: none
- Muscularis: 2 layers for peristalsis-inner longitudinal outer circular
- Adventitia-areolar CT
-
What is the function of the trigone?
Directs urine to internal urethral orifice
-
What are the sphincters of the urinary bladder?
- Internal urethral sphincter: smooth MT surrounds internal urethral orifice
- External urethral sphincter: skeletal MT part of urogenital diaphragm
-
What is the structure and function of the urethra?
- Delivers urine out through the external orifice
- ET changes alon length from transitional to non keratinized stratified squamous ET
- Smooth MT in wall is for peristalsis
-
How do male and female urethras differ?
- Female: short and straight
- Male: long and more convuluted
- 3 regions:
- 1. Prostatic urethra
- 2. Membranous urethra
- 3. Spongy/Penile urethra
-
What is the function of the scrotum?
- Provides cooler environment for normal sperm development
- Contains dartos muscle
-
What is contained in the testes?
- Seminiferous tubules
- Tunican albuginea
- Tunica vaginalis-outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer
-
What is the function of seminal vesicles?
secretes seminal fluid
-
what is the function of Cowper's glands?
secretes pre ejaculatory fluid
-
what is the function of the prostate gland?
secrete seminal fluid
-
where will you find cremaster muscle and dartos muscle?
Smooth MT in subQ of the scrotum
-
what is the function of leydig/interstitial cells?
Secrete testosterone
-
what is the function of sertoli cells?
- Support seminiferous tubules
- Form blood-testis barrier
- These are the "nurse" cells
-
what is the structure of the epididymis?
Pseduostratified columnar ET with stereocilia. These can reabsorb sperm. Fxn. sperm storage and maturation
-
what is the function of the vas defrens?
SPerm transport (peristalsis)
-
where do the seminal vesicles secrete into?
ejaculatory duct
-
where do the cowper's gland secrete into?
into penile urethra
-
where does the prostate gland secrete into?
prostatic urethra
-
what is the function of the crura?
anchor penis to pubis
-
what is the function of the bulb of the penis?
anchors it to urogenital diaphragm
-
what are the "nurse" cells of the female reproductive system?
Granulosa cells
-
what is the function of the zona pellucida?
Protective glycoprotein coating
-
what is the corona radiata?
granulosa cells surrounding the zona pellucida
-
what is the function of thecal cells?
outermost granulosa cells produce androgen and pass it to granulosa cells which convert it to estrogen
-
what is the function of the corpus luteum if there is a pregnancy and if there is not?
- Is yes: secretes estrogen and progesterone until placenta takes over
- If not: degenerates and becomes corpus albicans
-
what is the function of the uterine tubes?
- fertilization and transport
- Simple ciliated columnar ET
-
what are the different layers of the uterus?
- 1. Perimetrium (outermost) serosa continuous with broad ligament
- 2. Myometrium-smooth MT. thick.
- 3. Endometrium-implantation. Highly vascular mucosa. SPiral arterioles will stretch. Simple columnar ET, lamina propria, uterine glands (secrete glycogen rich mucus)
-
what are the different layers of the endometrium?
- Stratum functionalis: closer to lumen. Shed with menses
- Stratum basalis: not shed. Replenishes stratum functionalis
-
what is the structure of the vagina?
- rugae with non keratinized stratified squamous ET
- Fornix is the space surrounding the cervix
- Paraurethral glands (anterior wall)
-
what is the structure and function of the clitorus?
- FXn: sensation
- 3 erectile masses: 2 corpora cavernosa, 2 crura that anchor to pubis, bulb of vestibule splits and surrounds deep to vestibule
|
|
