Patho exam #1

• Increases capillary filtration pressure
• Decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
• Increased capillary permeability
• Obstruction of  lymph flow

• Dynamic and fluid structure consisting of organized arrangement of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins; separates ICF and ECF compartments.
• o   Main structural component is the lipid bilayer (hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior), which is relatively impermeable to all but lipid-soluble substances
• o   Destruction of cell/plasma membrane = death of cell
• o   Cell surface surrounded by cell coat (glycocalyx)
• §  Can regenerate
• §  Necessary for cell recognition (e.g. blood cells, ABO)
• §  Channel proteins – assist molecules that are not lipid soluble (e.g. electrolytes) in moving across cell membrane
• §  Peripheral proteins bind to cell membrane temporarily to assist with molecule transport

complex structure of DNA and associated proteins in the nuclear matrix

hair-like process projecting for a cell, composed of microtubules; beat rhythmically to move the cell around in its environment or to move mucus/fluids over the surface

sites of protein synthesis, mainly of enzymes that aid in the control of cell function

stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs; found near the nucleus and function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum; modifies substances produced in the ER and packages them into secretory granules or vesicles; produces large carbohydrate molecules

digestive system of the cell; membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes; produced by the Golgi apparatus

long, stiff, hollow cylinders formed from protein subunits called tubulin; able to rapidly disassemble in one location and reassemble in another; involved in development and maintenance of cell form and participate in intracellular transport mechanisms

The mitochondria of the cell transforming organic substances into energy for the cell

membrane-bound organelles that contain a special enzyme to degrade peroxides; self-replicating, NOT formed by Golgi apparatus

system of paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cell; studded with ribosomes (attached to specific binding sites) which translate mRNAs that code for proteins secreted from the cell or stored within it

synthesis of lysosomal enzymes.

continuous with the rough ER, but does not participate in protein synthesis; its enzymes are involved in the synthesis of lipid molecules, regulation of intracellular calcium, and metabolism and detoxification of certain hormones and drugs.

Pluripotent cells derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst stage of embryo

All cells differentiate from pluripotent embryonic stem cells

• (AKA Somatic stem cells)
• Found in bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, some organs

Contribute to tissue regeneration and replacement of cells lost to cell death

free movement of small particles (solute) across a permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down a gradient)

movement of a fluid due to hydrostatic pressure differences

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution (up concentration gradient)

Facilitated Diffusion (passive) – specific transport protein in the cell membrane binds a substance and transports it across the cell membrane down the concentration gradient

“pumps” against concentration gradient, always requires energy (such as ATP); common example is Na/K ATPase pump that accounts for the high concentration of Na outside the cell and high concentration of K inside the cell.

Endocytosis:membrane enfolds a substance and incorporates it into a vesicle

Exocystosis – mechanism for the secretion of intracellular substances into the extracellular spaces; important in removing cellular debris and releasing substance.

• Prophase – chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope disappears
• Metaphase – chromosomes align at equatorial plate
• Anaphase – sister chromatids separate; centromeres divide
• Telophase – chromatin expands; cytoplasm disappears
• Occurs in somatic cells
• Results in 2 genetically identical offspring

Occurs in gamete producing organs (cell division that produces germ cells; involves reduction in amount of genetic material)

• Process that converts a diploid cell to a haploid gamete and causes a change in the genetic information  increases diversity in the offspring
• Haplid (n) = one set of chromosomes
• Diploid (2n) = two sets of chromosomes
• Results in 4 genetically different offspring
• Crossover = sharing of genetic information

• Hypoxia
• Physical agents (mechanical, temp extremes, electrical, radiation)
• Chemical agents
• Microorganisms
• Genetic defects
• Nutrition imbalances
• Immunologic reactions

Atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron, which makes the molecule unstable

Causes cell damage by forming injurious chemical bonds

Generated by the body during normal metabolism (especially in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) or in response to injurious energy sources (e.g. UV, Xrays, chemicals)

vitamins A, E, C, zinc, bind free radicals

• Reversible injury
• Apoptosis
• Cell death and necrosis

Programmed cell death, can be initiated by extrinsic or intrinsic pathways.

relative proportion of bases and acids in the blood

• Carbonic acid or H₂CO₃
• Bicarbonate or HCO₃

• Kidneys and the Lungs.
• Kidneys retain or excrete bicarbonate to compensate for respiratory CO2imbalances, very SLOW
• Lungs retain or excrete CO2 to compensate for metabolic acid imbalances

Consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with paired nucleotide bases: Thymine / Adenine and Cytosine / Guanine  (T and C are pyrimidines; A and G are purines)

Hydrogen

base pair skipped, replaced by different or wrong base pair during DNA duplication (copying of DNA) or mRNA transcription (protein synthesis), etc. Generally referred to as mutations.