Biology 172 Lab Exam 1

  1. What supergroup do Dinoflagellates belong?
    Chromalveolata
  2. What superphylum does Dinoflagellata belong?
    Alveolata
  3. Describe the cell wall of Dinoflagellates.
    Cellulose cell wall divided into epitheca and hypotheca.
  4. Distinguishing characteristic of Dinoflagellates?
    Possess two flagella.
  5. Known for red tides caused by blooms.
    Dinoflagellates.
  6. Known for paralytic shellfish poisoning.
    Dinoflagellates
  7. What supergroud do diatoms belong?
    Chromalveolata
  8. What phylum do diatoms belong?
    Bacillariophyta
  9. What shapes do Bacillariophyta (diatoms) come in?
    Pillbox/circular (centric)

    oblong/rodlike (penate)
  10. Image Upload 2W
    Volvox

    Phylum: Chlorophyte

    Supergroup: Archaeplastida
  11. Image Upload 4
    Chlamydomonas (green algae)

    Phylum: Chlorophyta

    Supergroup: Archaeplastida
  12. Image Upload 6
    Spirogyra (green algae)

    Phylum: Chlorophyta

    Supergroup: Archaeplastida
  13. What kingdom are green algae in?
    Chlorophyta
  14. What type of chlorophyll do Chlorophytes (green algae) have?
    All have chlorophyll A, adapted to different wavelengths of light.
  15. What is believe to have given rise to land plants?
    Green algae
  16. What is a pneumatocyst?
    Gas-filled bubble-shaped floats on brown algae that keep blades near water surface.
  17. Image Upload 8
    Diatom anatomy (penate)
  18. Image Upload 10
    Dinoflagellate structure
  19. Why are algae generally limited to aquatic environments?
    Lack vascular tissue – no support, dessication, reproduce through water
  20. True or False:
    Kingdom Fungi is eukaryotic?
    true
  21. True or False:
    Kingdom Fungi is mostly unicellular.
    False
  22. What are Fungi cell walls made of?
    Chitin
  23. What is a saprophytic heterotroph?
    Fungi: feed by absorption after secreting exoenzymes
  24. True or false:

    Most fungi lack life history stages bearing flagella or cilia
    true
  25. Which kingdom includes free-living, mutualistic, and pathogenic species?
    Fungi
  26. Which kingdom is ecologically important as decomposers and as symbiotic partners with plants?
    Fungi
  27. True or False:

    Some Fungi cause diseases.
    True
  28. What are a source of antibiotics used in controlling bacterial infections?
    Fungi
  29. Which kingdom includes mold, yeast, rust and mushrooms?
    Fungi
  30. What supergroup does Fungi belong?
    Unikonta
  31. What clade does the Fungi kingdom belong?
    Opisthokont
  32. What is mycelium?
    Fungi's mass of filaments called hyphae (sing., hypha)
  33. septate hyphae
    nuclei divided into separate cells by septa
  34. coenocytic hyphae
    no septa, nuclei in continuous cytoplasmic mass throughout the hyphae
  35. haustoria
    • 1) hyphae that extend into plant cells
    • 2) don’t penetrate into the cytoplasm (surrounded by plant cell plasma membrane)
    • 3) may be mutualistic or parasitic
  36. mychorrhizae
    • 1) = mutualistic symbioses between plants and fungi
    • 2) facilitate water and inorganic nutrient uptake from the soil
    • 3) plant supplies fungus with organic nutrients
  37. ectomychorrhizae
    form an external sheath and penetrate into cell walls of plant host
  38. endomychorrhizae
    form haustoria
  39. Typical Fungal Life Cycle
    asexual reproduction:
    • a. haploid mycelium produces sporangia
    • b. sporangia produces haploid spores
    • c. spores germinate into new hyphae
  40. Typical Fungal Life Cycle
    sexual reproduction
    • a. fusion (plasmogamy) of two different mating types of haploid hyphae
    • b. fused hyphae may be heterokaryotic (cells with both haploid nuclei present) for a while
    • c. karyogamy: fusion of haploid nuclei into zygote (diploid)
    • d. meiosis leads to the production of haploid spores in sporangia
    • e. haploid spores germinate into haploid hyphae
  41. Fungi
    Phylum Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
    • 1. distinguished by the presence of a flagellated zoospore 
    • 2. apparently diverged from the rest of the fungi early
    • 3. may be a paraphyletic grouping
  42. Phylum Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
    • 1. common as molds on foods (e.g., bread mold, Rhizopus)
    • 2. life cycle distinguished by the production of zygosporangia
  43. Phylum Glomeromycota (Glomeromycetes)
    • 1. sexual spores produced in sac-like asci (sing., ascus)
    • 2. usually eight haploid ascospores in an ascus
    • 3. asci organized into fruiting bodies called ascocarps
    • 4. asexual spore-producing structures called conidiophores (spores called conidia)
    • 5. includes truffles, morels, and yeasts
  44. Phylum Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes or Club Fungi)
    • 1. distinguished by having sexual spores produced by a basidium 
    • 2. fruiting body involves the production of dikaryotic hyphae after plasmogamy
    • 3. karyogamy takes place in basidia, followed by meiosis into basidiospores
    • 4. includes conventional mushrooms
  45. Lichens
    • 1. involve symbiotic association between green algae (or cyanobacterium) and fungus (typically an ascomycetes)
    • 2. algae provide food (products of photosynthesis to the fungus)
    • 3. cyanobacteria may supply nitrogen via nitrogen fixation
    • 4. fungus houses algae in a protected environment for growth
    • 5. soredia = asexual propagule of fungal hypha wrapped around an algal cell
  46. Image Upload 12
    Crustose lichen
  47. Image Upload 14
    foliose lichen
  48. Image Upload 16
    fruticose lichen
  49. Image Upload 18
    Dinoflagellate

    Ceratium sp.

    See: Transverse groove
  50. Image Upload 20
    Amoebozoa
  51. Image Upload 22
    Perinidium

    Dinoflagellate
  52. Basidiomycete life cycle
    Image Upload 24
  53. Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Life Cycle
    Image Upload 26
  54. Ascomycota Life Cycle
    Image Upload 28
  55. Image Upload 30
    Lichen
  56. Moss life cycle
    Image Upload 32
  57. Fern life cycle
    Image Upload 34
  58. Image Upload 36
    • Image Upload 38
    • Image Upload 40
  59. Image Upload 42
    Image Upload 44
  60. Image Upload 46
    Image Upload 48
  61. Why are mosses short?
    No vascular tissue
  62. Image Upload 50
    Fern sporophyte
  63. Image Upload 52
    Image Upload 54
  64. Image Upload 56
    Image Upload 58
  65. Moss tissue system
    nonvascular (lacks true roots, stems and leaves)
  66. Mosses gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
    gametophyte dominant
  67. Moss homosporous or heterosporous?
    homosporous, only one kind of spore is produced
  68. What has gametophytes that form a mat that absorbs water like a sponge?
    moss
  69. What are moss rhizoids for?
    root-like rhizoids anchor gametophytes to the soil
  70. What is moss sporangium for?
    spores released from sporangium dispersed by the wind
  71. How do moss prevent dessication?
    waterproof cuticle minimizes evaporative water loss
  72. What phylum do ferns belong?
    Pterophyta
  73. What are psilophytes?
    whisk ferns
  74. What are sphenophytes?
    horsetails
  75. exhibits dichotomous (Y-shaped) branches
    whisk ferns
  76. Do whisk ferns have true leaves and roots?
    no
  77. Whisk ferns are sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
    sporophyte dominant
  78. Are whisk ferns homosporous or heterosporous?
    homosporous
  79. The horsetails date back to what period?
    group dates back to the Devonian period
  80. Horsetails are sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
    sporophyte dominant
  81. produces straight, hollow, jointed stems with whorls of tiny leaves
    horsetails
  82. horsetails are homosporous or heterosporous?
    homosporous
  83. Horsetail gametophyte characteristic?
    photosynthetic bisexual gametophyte produces flagellated sperm
  84. Most diverse of the seedless plants?
    ferns
  85. Most well-adapted for terrestrial existence of the seedless plants
    ferns
  86. Ferns date back to what period?
    date back to the Carboniferous
  87. Ferns are sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
    sporophyte dominant
  88. Do ferns have true leaves, stems, and roots?
    yes
  89. Fern leave are:
    called fronds, are compound megaphylls (leaves with vein networks, believed to have evolved from fusion of branched stems
  90. What are fiddleheads?
    fronds uncoil from fiddleheads
  91. Where are clusters of sporangia present on ferns? What are they called?
    fronds bear clusters of sporangia called sori (thus leaves may be called sporphylls)
  92. Ferns are homosporus or heterosporous?
    generally homosporous with bisexual gametophyte
  93. Fern sperm structure?
    flagellated sperm
  94. Image Upload 60
    Gymnosperm Life Cycle
  95. Gymnosperms are dispersed by:
    fire and wind. Cones.
  96. Image Upload 62
    Angiosperm Life Cycle
  97. Angiosperms are dispersed by:
    Everything. Bats, birds, bees, mammals, animals, wind. (flowering)
  98. Image Upload 64
    • Staminate cone
    • Image Upload 66
  99. Image Upload 68
    • Ovulate cone
    • Image Upload 70
    • Image Upload 72
  100. Image Upload 74
    Gymnosperm pollen (with wings)
  101. Image Upload 76
    Angiosperm pollen
  102. Image Upload 78
    pine
  103. Image Upload 80
    Cone life cycle
  104. Image Upload 82
    cone structure/life cycle
  105. Image Upload 84
    Typical flower
  106. Flower with male and female parts
    Perfect
  107. flower lacking a structure
    incomplete
  108. Pollination
    Taking pollen from one area to another
  109. Dispersal
    Seeds leave the area
  110. Number of cotyledon in dicot
    two
  111. number of cotyledon in monocot
    one
  112. petals in dicot
    multiples of four or five
  113. petals in monocot
    multiples of three
  114. Image Upload 86
    dicot root
  115. Image Upload 88
    monocot root
  116. Image Upload 90
    dicot stem
  117. Image Upload 92
    monocot stem
  118. Image Upload 94
    monocot vein
  119. Image Upload 96
    dicot vein
  120. Image Upload 98
    dicot
  121. Image Upload 100
    monocot leaf
  122. Seed plant's microsporangia produce?
    haploid microspores
  123. seed-bearing plants whose seeds are not enclosed by the ovary ("naked seeds")
    Gymnosperms
  124. ovules form in modified leaves usually in cones
    Gymnosperms
  125. seed-bearing plants that produce flowers and whose seeds are covered by the wall of the ovary (the fruit)
    angiosperms
  126. Which phylum do conifers (pines, cypresses, firs, junipers, & sequoias) belong?
    Coniferophyta
  127. What is the most diverse phylum of gymnosperms?
    Coniferophyta
  128. distinguished by there cones
    Coniferophyta
  129. enclose & protect the flower bud before it opens
    sepals
  130. possess the microsporagia and produce pollen
    stamens
  131. stamens are divided into...
    filament and anther
  132. possess ovules containing megasporangia that give rise to the megaspores that become female gametophytes
    carpels
  133. carpel are divided into:
    divided into the ovary (contains the ovules), style, & stigma
  134. mature female gametophyte composed of only _____ haploid nuclei
    eight
  135. Mature female gametophyte's haploid nuclei consists of:
    • 1) three antipodal cells
    • 2) one cell = egg
    • 3) two synergids
    • 4) two of the haploid nuclei (polar nuclei) combined in a single cell (destined to become triploid endosperm after double fertilization)
    • 5) mature female gametophyte contained within the ovule
  136. mature male gametophyte formed of _____ haploid cells as a pollen grain
    two
  137. mature male gametophyte's haploid cells consist of:
    • 1) tube cell
    • 2) generative cell (will divide to form two sperm nuclei)
  138. Fruit wall is called:
    pericarp
  139. Image Upload 102
    spongy parenchyma
  140. Image Upload 104
    Which are palisade parenchyma/mesophyll?
    red area
  141. Image Upload 106
    vascular bundles
  142. What are tracheids?
    Image Upload 108
  143. box-like cells that are dead at functional maturity
    cork cells
  144. cork cells purpose
    protect outer surface of the plant as the outermost layer of the bark
  145. suberin
    waterproof material in cell walls of cork cells
  146. cork cells
    Image Upload 110
  147. an
    underdeveloped and unelongated stem composed of a short axis with compressed
    internodes, a meristematic apex, and primordial leaves and/or flowers
    bud
  148. a
    bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth.
    • terminal
    • bud
  149. the
    part of the stem between nodes 
    internode
  150. the
    flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf.
    • blade
    • or lamina
  151. leaf-like
    appendages (at the base of petiole of some leaves)
    stipules
  152. the
    leaf stalk (connects blade to stem).
    petiole
  153. the
    external part of a fruit. It is all that surrounds the seed.
    pericarp
  154. pericarp divided into...
    exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp
  155. the
    outer covering. In an apple, for instance, it is what we know as the
    "skin".
    exocarp
  156. the middle covering. In a peach what we ordinary call the "flesh".
    mesocarp
  157. the inner covering , in many cases the stiffened part normally covering the seed.
    In a plum , for example, what we commonly know as the "stone".
    endocarp
  158. the part of the embryo which emerges first. Once outside it develops into a main root,
    producing root hairs and secondary roots.
    radicle
  159. like a leaf in its early development.
    plumule
  160. the space between the radicle and the plumule.
    It develops into a stem.
    hypocotyl
  161. the food
    supply contained in the seed. This is sometimes included in the cotyledons,
    which either achieve the function of primary leaves or food storage, even both
    of them in some cases.
    endosperm
  162. important plants, such as cereals, palms, lilies,
    tulips or orchids
    • monocotyledons or
    • monocots
  163. members of this group are more numerous
    and comprises most of the trees and flowers
    • dicotyledons or
    • dicots
  164. testa
    outer layer of the seed; seed coat
  165. micropyle
    • a litle pore on the seed coat , through which,
    • apart from entering the sperm, the seed absorbs water to begin germination.
  166. fruit formed from a single flower
    fleshy fruit
  167. single fleshy fruit without a stone, usually
    containing a number of seeds
    berry
  168. Kiwi fruit, banana, coffee, currant, passionfruit, pepper, tomoato are examples of...
    berry
  169. a single fleshy fruit with a hard stone which
    contains the single seed
    drupe
  170. Cherry, apricot, plum, coconut, olive, peach, sloe are examples of...
    drupe
  171. a fleshy fruit, made up of many drupes but
    formed from a single flower, each drupe containing one seed
    Aggregation of Drupes
  172. Raspberry, loganberry, blackberry are examples of...
    Aggregation of Drupes
  173. a fleshy fruit with a thin skin, not formed from
    the ovary but from another part of the plant. These are sometimes called Accessory
    Fruits. The seeds are contained in chambers in the centre of the fruit. 
    Pome
  174. Apple, firethorn, hawthorn, medlar, pear, quince are examples of...
    pome
  175. a berry with a tough, aromatic rind
    Hesperidium
  176. orange, citrus fruits, citron, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, lime are examples of...
    hesperidium
  177. Name 5 types of fleshy fruits formed from a single flower.
    Berry, Drupe, Aggregation of drupes, Pome, hesperidium
  178. a false fruit, because it does not contain the
    seeds. The seeds are achenes, on the outside of a fleshy fruit.
    Pseudocarp
  179. strawberry is an example of a...
    pseudocarp
  180. Mulberry, Fig and Pineapple are examples of...
    • FLESHY FRUITS
    • formed from a group of flowers
  181. A dry dehiscent fruit which splits on one side only. It may contain one or
    many seeds. 
    Follicle
  182. Columbine, delphinium, larkspur, love in a mist, milkweed, peony are examples of...
    follicle
  183. a dry dehiscent pod that splits on two sides
    Legume
  184. sweet pea, pea family, acacia, alfalfa are examples of...
    legume
  185. a dry dehiscent fruit, a legume constricted
    between the seeds
    Lomentum
  186. a dry dehiscent fruit. It is long and thin,
    splits down the two long sides, and has a papery membrane (the septum) between
    the two halves
    Silique
  187. wallflower is an example of..
    Silique
  188. golden chain tree is an example of...
    Lomentum
  189. most common fruit type. a dry fruit
    which splits open to release the seeds. 
    capsule
  190. cotton, eucalyptus, horse chestnut all have...
    capsules
  191. a dry dehiscent fruit in which the tips of the
    seed capsule split
    Valvate Capsule
  192. a dry dehiscent fruit, opening with pores or
    holes around the top
    • Porose
    • Capsule
  193. a dry
    dehiscent fruit, splitting along the locule (midrib of each ovary). 
    Loculicidal Capsule
  194. a dry dehiscent fruit, opening by splitting
    through the centre of the fruit, so that the top of the capsule lifts off like
    a lid. An example of this type of fruit is Pimpernel (Anagallis) 
    • Circumscissile
    • Capsule
  195. a simple dry indehiscent fruit, like an achene,
    but with the seedcoat fused with the fruit coat. Includes sweetcorn.
    Caryopsis
  196. an independent dry indehiscent fruit which has part of the fruit wall extended to form a wing. includes maple.
    Samara
  197. Is
    covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will adhere to. 
    Stigma 
  198. The
    style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease the likelihood of
    pollen contamination. It varies in length.
    Style 
  199. This
    protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken place it will become the
    fruit. 
    Ovary 
  200. is
    like the egg in animals and once fertilization has taken place will become the
    seed. 
    Ovule 
  201. This
    is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in some cases becomes part of the
    fruit after fertilization e.g. strawberry. 
    Receptacle 
  202. Gives
    support to the flower and elevates the flower for the insects.
    • Flower
    • stalk 
  203. This
    is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract insects. 
    Nectary 
  204. This
    is the stalk of the Anther.
    Filament 
  205. contains pollen sacs on flower
    Anther 
  206. The
    stigma, style, ovary, and ovule are often known collectively as 
    carpel or female parts of the flower
  207. cucumbers,
    pumpkin, and melons have perfect/imperfect flowers?
    imperfect
  208. Name 3 examples of perfect flowers.
    Roses, lilies and dandelions
  209. a plant which developed three furrows or pores
    in its pollen (triporate)
    dicot
  210. has pollen with a single furrow or pore through
    the outer layer (monosulcate)
    monocots
  211. Vascular bundles are arranged within the stem of ______ to form a cylinder, appearing as a ring of spots when you cut across the
    stem. 
    dicots
  212. Vascular bundles appear scattered through the stem, with more of the bundles located toward the stem periphery than in the center.
    monocots
  213. In most dicots (and in most seed plants) the
    root develops from the lower end of the embryo, from a region known as the...
    radicle
  214. Are pine trees monocots or dicots?
    • Pines
    • are conifers, and are neither monocots nor dicots. Only flowering plants
    • are considered to be members of these two classes. This question is similar to
    • asking whether a chicken is a monocot or a dicot; it is neither. 
  215. Do all dicots produce flowers?
    • Yes, sort of. All dicots and monocots are
    • flowering plants, and so are descended from flower-producing plants. 
Author
tulipyoursweety
ID
240294
Card Set
Biology 172 Lab Exam 1
Description
Biology First Practical Study Cards
Updated