Cellular Respiration

a process that requires O2 and uses energy from glucose (macromolecules) to produce ATP and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ===> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

• organelle where cellular respiration takes place
• 

transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another, there are two types of redox reactions: oxadation, reduction

the LOSS of electrons or gaining of oxygen

the GAIN of electrons or gaining of oxygen

• 1. glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
• 2. Grooming phase
• 3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
• 4. Electron transfer chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation , also called chemiosmosis

in the cytosol, just outside the mitochondria

migration from the cytosol to the matrix

the mitochondrial matrix

inner mitochondrial membrane

• A. Energy investment phase-preparatory phase (first 5 steps)
• B. Energy yielding phase-energy payoff phase (second 5 steps)

• -2 ATP used (invested)
• -leaving 2 ADP + P left
• -glucose (6C) split in 2
• -Glyceradehyde phosphate (2-3C) also known as G3P or GAP is the product

• from 3 G3P:
• -4 ATP produced
• -2 NADH produced
• -2 pyruvate produced (2-3C)

• >2-3C-Pyruvate
• >2-ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
• >2-NADH

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP

2 pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and are converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules

• 2-NADH
• 2-CO2
• 2-Acetyl CoA (2C)

• Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds with oxalacetic acid (4C-0AA) to make citrate (6C)
• it takes two turns of the Krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule

• In 2 turns:
• 2-ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
• 6-NADH
• 2-FADH2
• 4-CO2

• -uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP
• -ETC pumps H+ (protons) across inner-membrane space therefore lowering pH in inner-membrane space (creats concentration gradient)
• -H+ then moves via diffusion (proton motive force) through ATP synthase to make ATP
• -All NADH converts to 3 ATP
• -FADH2 converts to ATP (enters ETC at a lower level then NADH)

• -2 ATP-glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation)
• -4-6 ATP-converted from 2 NADH-glycolysis
• -6 ATP-converted from 2 NADH-grooming phase
• -2 ATP- Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
• -18 ATP- converted from 6 NADH-Krebs cycle
• -4 ATO-converted from 2FADH2-Krebs cycle
• 36-38 ATP TOTAL

oxygen