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Organizational commitment
defined as the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization.
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withdrawal behavior
defined as a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation--behaviors that may eventually culminate in quitting the organization.
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affective commitment
defined as a desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization.
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Continuance commitment
defined as a desire to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with t leaving it.
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Normative commitment
defined as a desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation.
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Focus of commitment
to refer to the various people, places and things that can inspire a desire to remain a member of an organization.
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Erosion model
suggests that employees with fewer bonds will be most likely to quit the organization.
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Embeddedness
summarizes employees links to their organization and community, their sense of fir with their organization and community, and what they would have to sacrifice for a job change.
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Exit
withdrawal behavior defined as an active, destructive response by which an individual either ends or restricts organizational behavior.
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Voice
withdrawal behavior, defined as active, constructive response in which individuals attempt to improve the situation.
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Loyalty
withdrawal behavior, defined as a passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines.
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Neglect
withdrawal behavior, defined as a passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines.
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Stars
possess high commitment and high performance and are held up as a role models for other employees.
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citizens
possess high commitment and low task performance but perform many of the voluntary "extra-role" activities that are needed to make the organization function smoothly.
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Lone wolves
posses low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance and are motivated to achieve work goals for themselves, not necessarily for their company.
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Apathetics
posses low levels of both organizational commitment and task performance levels to make make them marketable to their next employer.
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psychological withdrawal
consistsof actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment
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Daydeaming
when employees appear to be working but are totally distracted by random thoughts or concerns.
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Socializing
refers to the verbal chatting about non work topic that goes on in cubicles and officers or at the mailbox or vending macines
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Looking busy
indicates an intentional desire on the part of employees to look like they're working.
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Moonlighting
when an employee their uses wok time and resources to complete something other than their job duties, such as assignments for another job
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Cyberloafing
using internet, email, and instant messaging access for their personal enjoyment rather than work duties.
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Physical withrawal
consists of actions that provide a physical escape, whether short term or long term, from the work enironment.
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Tardiness
reflects the tendency to arrive at work late.
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Long breaks
involve longer-than-normal lunches, soda breaks, coffee breaks, and so forth that provide a physical escape from work.
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Missing meetings
means employees neglect important work functions while away from the office.
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Absenteeism
occurs when employees miss an entire day of work.
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Quitting
voluntarily leaving the organization.
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Independent forms model
of withdrawal, which argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees.
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Compensatory forms model
of withdrawal, which argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one another--that doing one means you're less likely to do another.
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Progression model
of withdrawal, which argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated: The tendency to daydream or socialize leads to the tendency to come in late o take long breaks, which leads to the tendency to be absent or quit.
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Psychological contracts
reflect employees' belies bout what they owe the organization and what the organization owes them.
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Transactional contracts
that are based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations and protection of proprietary information; the organization owes pay and advancement opportunities
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Relational contracts
are based on a broader set of open-ended and subjective obligations.
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Perceived organizational suppot
reflects the degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being.
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