Vocab Words and Phrases

Lincoln's proposal to readmit states to union once 10% of its voters pledged loyalty.

French residents of Nova Scotia,  uprooted by the British in 1755 sent far south as Louisiana descendants = Cajuns

Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate vs. Pueblo Indians in present day New Mexico. Spaniards won and est. territory as New Mexico

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those who denied of Jesus. Kept Catholics coming to Maryland in Colonial era

Used to try violations of Navigation Acts passed by the Crown post French-Indian war. Argued courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused.

T. Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "Power and Profit" and to "enslave mankind"

British-built/manned Confederate warship, raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests

• Fortress in Texas, 400 American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836.
• “Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry in support of Texan independence

Intercolonial congress summoned by British gov for greater colonial unity/Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French

Acts passed by Fed Congress to raise residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years/granting president power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

• William Lloyd Garrison's, advocated the immediate abolition of slavery.
• By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters

Wanted to send freed blacks back to Africa, est. Liberia for that reason.

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard, declared intellectual independence from Euro/urged new American scholar traditions

• Henry Clay’s 3-pronged system to promote
• American industry: strong banking system, protective tariff, fed funded transportation

Founded Boston 1826, part of 19th cent alcohol consumption reformation

Spanish slave ship seized off coast of Cuba by enslaved Africans

Semisecret Irish society that helped Irish immigrants.

Brits/US signed pact, allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries. Est. N border of Louisiana territory, provided for joint occupation of Oregon Country for 10 years

Civil war battle ended in draw, demonstrated Union army power/forshadowed foreign intervention/victory allowing Emancipation Proclamation

Opponents of 1787 Constitution, cast it as antidemocratic/subordinated states control and encroached on individual liberties without bill of rights.

Founded in NY, influenced New England and midAtlantic in 1832 election against Masonic order and Andrew Jackson, supported by Proestants

Anne Hutchinson's belief that elect don't need to obey law of God nor man

David Walker (southern born free black)'s abolitionist track advocating violent overthrow of slavery

Where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the Wilderness Campaign.

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia’s Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election

Clashes between American/Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of N Maine, until 1842, with agreed border

1st US constitution est. US as loose confederation of states under weak national Congress that couldn't regulate commerce, get taxes and replaced by Constitution in 1789

Non-importation agreement made by 1st Continental Congress to boycott British goods

Transfer of debt from one party to another. To strengthen the union fed. gov. assumed states' Revolutionary War debts, tied wealthy lenders interests in with nat. gov.

Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents, reflected fear of Catholics

• Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés.
• The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley’s refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite

• Alexander Hamilton's financial program.
• Bank printed paper money, served as Treasury depository
• Opposed by Jeffersonian Republicans; claimed unconstitutional.

• Pres. Jackson vs. Congressional supports for Bank o US over the bank's renewal in 1832.
• Jackson vetoed Bank Bill bc favored money over W farmers

1st formal statute governing treatment of slaves, provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters.

1st 10amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Secured key rights for individuals/reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The “Black belt” emerged in the 19th cent as cotton production became more profitable/slavery expanded S and W.

Laws passed in S restricting rights of emancipated blacks, esp. over labor. N criticized A. Jackson for his lenient Recon. policies.

Clashes in Illinois/Wisconsin, US vs. Indian Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes trying to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act

False notion that Spanish conquerors only hurt Indians in the name of Christ

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861 when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

AKA sumptuary laws to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality in colonies esp. Puritan New England/Quaker Pennsylvania

Five slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and W Virginia) that didn't secede in Civil war.

Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed Brit redcoats who fired on the crowd, killing/wounding 11.

Rowdy protest against Brit E India Company's new monopoly on tea trade, Colonists disguised as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally break the souls of strong willed slaves

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals who to live plainly while pursing the life of the mind, fell into debt and dissolved when communal home burned down

Key US victory against Mex forces in Mexican American war. Elevated General Z. Taylor's national prominence and helped secure his success in 1848 pres. election

A territory between two antagonistic powers intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. Georgia was est. to buffer colony between Brit and Span territory.

1st major battle of the Civil War/ S victory, dispelled N illusions of swift victory

Outside of Boston, on breed's Hill, battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, at a heavy cost to British

W NY, region swept up in the religious fervor of the 2nd Great Awakening.

Mississippian settlement near present-day E St. Louis, home to ~25,000 Native Americans

Short lived California republic est. by local American settlers who revolted against Mex. Once news of the war came they left for US.

Tons of miners going to N California after news of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848.

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Predestination: that only the elect were destined for salvation"

1st part of the N American landmass to emerge above sea level

Economic system characterized by private property, free trade, and open and accessible markets. Euro colonization of the Americas and in particular the discovery of vast bullion deposits helped bring Euro transition to capitalism

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels  could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey

Diplomatic row between US and Britain after Brit troops set fire to US steamer carrying supplies across Niagara River to Canadian insurgents during Canada's short lived insurrection

S described N businessmen/politicians who came to profit from Reconstruction.

Legal doc. granted by a gov. to some group or agency to implement a state purpose/spelling out rights/obligations. Brit colonial charters gave rights of Englishmen.

Britain vs. US that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia

Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic

Over A. Jackson's veto, counteracted Black Codes by making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court or hold property.

Political society that traditionally combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity

Signed by Brits/US, the 2 nations would protect the neutrality of Central America and not seek to fortify or control any future isthmian waterway. Revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the US control of the Panama Canal

Small, swift vessels that gave US the advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Reinforced federal supremacy by est. the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the fed. gov.

Local committees est. across Massachusetts, and later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets

Laws originating from court rulings/customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. US Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new fed gov.

Massachusetts Supreme court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions

T. Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and est. a republican gov.

California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (not slavery) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the N and S, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery

A measure to resolve the nullification crisis, provided that tariffs be lowered gradually over a period of 10 years to 1816 levels.

Gov. est. after seven Southern states seceded from union, later joined by four more.

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical est. of the Anglican Church

Convention of major Euro powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Euro after the defeat of Napoleonic France

Est. by congress in Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation

16th cent Spaniards who fanned out across Americas from Colorado to Argentina eventually conquering Aztec and Incan empires.

N Whigs opposed slavery on moral grounds. Wanted to prevent annexing Texas as a slave state, fearing it would help S slave power

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis

Agreement formally dissolving US treaty with France originally signed in the Revolutionary War.

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the elect or the visible saints. Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvations.

N Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Lincoln, the draft and after 1863 emancipation.

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West’s flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams’ favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the harvesting of cotton.

"runners of the woods" French fur trappers, est. trading posts in N America. Ruined health/folkways of Natives

US Ships captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. Successfully got asylum in the Bahamas raising fear among S planters that Brit W Indies would be a safe havan

Proposed in an attempt to appease the S, failed Constitutional amendments would have given Fed protection for slavery in all territories S of the 36' 30°

Pervasive 19th cent cultural creed, venerated domestic role of women.

Sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, protecting corporations from domination by state gov.

Patriotic groups playing central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements

Adopted in the French Revolution, modeled after American Declaration of Independence

Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament’s unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

18th cent religious doctrine, emphasized reasoned moral behavior/scientific pursuit, rejected bible/Christ but thought of higher powers

• To separate an official state church from its
• connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, some New England states maintained est. Congregational Churches well into the 19th century

Created by Brit to bolster Canadians against potential attacks from US

Administrative union by royal authority in all of New England, NY, and E/W Jersey. Rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control

Extended fed protection to slavery by ruling that congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory and declared slaves property

• spoliation of Western natural resources through
• excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing

Issued by French crown, limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France, when it ended many went to America

Declared slaves in rebelling states free but not in the non-rebelling Border States, closed door on potential compromise with S

Response to Brit/Fran. mistreatment of US, banned export of goods from US and strained US econ.

Spanish gov's polict to "commend" or "give" Indians to certain colonists to Christianize them.

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, Parliament forces won and executed Charles I

Period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe’s presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank

NY State canal that linked Lake Erie to Hudson River. Lowered shipping costs fueling an econ. boom in upstate NY and increased profitability of farming in old NW

Civil War Era case, ruled that Military tribunals couldn't be used to try civilians if civil courts were open

Tax on goods produced domestically highly controversial component of A Hamilton's financial program

Decisive battle with Miami confederacy and US army. Brits refused to shelter Indians who had to attain a peace settlement with US

• George Washington’s address at the end of his presidency, warning against “permanent alliances” with other nations.
• Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances

Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton published during the ratification debate in NY to lay out Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, favored a strong national gov, believed checks and balances would safeguard people's liberties

Mid 19th expansionists slogan, wanted to occupy Oregon territory jointly held by Brits and US

Clashes between powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia, English torched and pillaged Indians

Convention of delegates from twelve of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts.

Est. firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the fed Constriction

Spain ceded Florida to the US in exchange abandoning claims to Texas

Passed after wave of KKK violence, banned clan membership, prohibited intimidation of blacks from voting/military authority able to back them.

Alongside the Compromise Tariff, authorized the president to use the military to collect fed. tariff duties

Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, secured N's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennesse

Signed by US and pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans

S Carolina location where Confederates fired 1st shots of Civil War after Union forces attempted to provision the fort

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedom and kept states from retracting them without reason

Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines

Anti-slavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

Aid newly emacipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, edu. and legal support. Uneven achievements depending on quality of local admins.

Declared since slavery couldn't exist without laws to protect it territorial legislatures not the Supreme Court would have the final say over slavery. 1st argued by Stephen Douglass to respond to Lincoln's Freeport question

Raised in the Lincoln-Douglass debates by Lincoln who asked if the court or the people should decide the future of slavery in territories.

9 year war between British and French in N America. Resulted in expulsion of French from N America mainland and helped spark the Seven Years war in Europe.

Part of Compromise of 1850, set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways, strengthened the antislavery cause in N

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, doc was the 1st “modern constitution” est. a democratically controlled gov. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut’s colonial charter and later, its state constitution.

Payment of debts like gov bonds at face value. 1790 A. Hamilton proposed fed gov pay Revolutionary debts in full to bolster nation's credit

• Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10
• million to facilitate the construction of a S transcontinental railroad

• Prohibited debate or action on antislavery
• appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery S, the gag resolution passed year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Lincoln's speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. Said war upheld in the name of liberty

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the N. Site of General George Pickett’s daring but doomed charge on the N lines

Ended war of 1812 in a virtual draw restoring prewar borders but not addressing any issues.

Suit over whether NYS could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. Reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce

Peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II replacing him with his daughter and Dutch born William III who accepted increase Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

Texas outpost where US volunteers surrendered and were then massacred by Mexican forces in 1836, fueled US support for TX independence

Religious revival in colonies. Emphasized direct, emotive spirituality, esp. by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield.

Reconciled New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

Migration of 70,000 refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The 20,000 migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to est. a model Christian settlement in the new world.

Paper currency from Union in the Civil War, inadequately supported by gold value fluctuated in value

Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old NW to the position their sovereign status

Ended war with Mexico who agreed to cede territory reaching NW from Texas to Oregon in exchange for 18.25 million in cash and assumed debts

Allowed unconverted kids of church members to baptized their children, signified waning of religious zeal with 2nd and 3rd generation Puritans

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed S who believed that N shared in Brown’s extremism.

Convention of Federalists from 5 New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented strength of S and W interests in Congress and in the White House

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage indentured servants, the system let an individual to get 50 acres of land if he paid for a laborer’s passage to the colony

German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection, hardening the resolve of American colonies who resented the use of paid foreign fighters

gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for 5 years/improved it, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to 100s of 1000s of W-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land

US artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes

French Prostestant dissenters, granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. In 1685 when King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism they fled to N America

Antislavery tract written by white S Hinton R. Helper arguing non-slave owning whites suffered most in a slave economy

Forcibly drafting into military service from Brits against US in war against France.

Highly advanced S American civilization that occupied present day Peru, conquered by Spanish under Francisco Pizarro in 1532

Migrants who traded years of service for transatlantic passage

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly est. Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles

Measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing port of Boston, revoking # of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, expanding Quartering Act to allow soldiers in private homes. Sparked 1st continental congress and boycott of Brits

• Bound together five tribes— the Mohawks, the
• Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of
• what is now New York State

1st permanent British settlement in N America founded by Virginia Company

By Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Brits, included Brit. promise to evacuate outposts on US soil and pay damages for seized US vessels in exchange Jay bound the US to repay pre Revolution debts

Fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners, esp. in New England. Named after Jeremiah from Old Testament

Short term partnership with multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise/England's early colonies

Organized federal legal system est. the Supreme Court fed. district and circuit courts and the office of the attorney general

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, created 16 new fed judgeships ensuring Federalist hold on the judiciary

Ended Japan's 200 year period of economic isolation, est. US consulate in Japan securing US coaling rights in Japan ports

Proposed that the issu of slavery be decided by pop. sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, revoking 1820 Missouri Compromise. Thanks to Stephen Douglass

N American theatre of Euro's war of Austrian Succession, pitted Brit colonists against French counterpart. The peace settlement didn't involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the Brit gov.

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the W migration of New England settlers for several decades

Fought between Fren trappers, Brit settlers and their respective Indian allies from 1689-1697.

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

2 well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by Brit. firm. Brits. bought two ships to avoid war with US

Fueled the settlement of the NW and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Prohibited purchase of fed. acreage on credit, eliminated a cause of the Panic of 1819

Provided for the sale of land in the Old NW and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the nation debt

Proposed Kansas constitution, ratification was rigged to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and ruling elite of NY. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate Euro social structures in the New World

1st battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison who called for immediate emancipation of all slaves

W African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, 15,00 of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by 1860s.

Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party wanted eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term to stop expansion of slavery into the territories/abolish the domestic slave trade.

Legal principle that protected individual investors from responsibility more than their individual share

Debates with Lincoln and S. Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln got famous/became candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination.

Over control of NY, Brits vs. overwhelmed colonial militias who lost control of it for the majority of the war.

Legal doctrine: the fed. gov. can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutional responsibilities

Purchase of Louisiana from France, more than doubled US size.

US Colonists who opposed Revolution/maintained loyalty to Kind, sometimes referred to as Tories.

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics from science to moral philosophy, part of a broader flourishing of higher edu. in the mid 19th cent.

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Brit and Fran, the act stipulated that if either Brit or Fran repealed its trade restrictions, the US would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on Brit ports, the US was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war

Prohbited manufacture and sale of alcohol, 12 other followed suit but usually repealed within 10 years

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. Widely read in N, inspired greater devotion to Union

Belief that US was meant to spread

Est. principle of "judicial review" that the Supreme court had the final say in "constitutionality"

18/19th cent transformation from a disaggregated subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery

Est. by non-separating Puritans, soon grew to be the largest most influential New England colony

Agreement to form a majoritarian gov. in Plymouth signed aboard the Mayflower, created a foundation for self-government in the colony

Mechanized harvest of grains, like wheat allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. Fueled est. of largescale commercial agriculture in midw

Supreme court case that strengthened fed. authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the US by est. that Maryland couldn't tax the bank

Economic theory that closely linked a nation’s political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports

Confederate and union ironclads who signaled an end to wooden warships.

People of mixed Indian and Euro heritage notably in Mexico

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. High mortality rates

Dealers in trading systems who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.

Fed. Justices appointed by John Adams in the last days of his pres. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act

Variety shows performed by white actors in black face 1st popularized in the mid-19th cent

Missouri=slave state, preserved N/S balance with free state maine and prohibiting slavery from Louisiana Purchase N of the 36° 30'

Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected US desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglement

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to get N American trade with French W Indies, proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned sometimes violently against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the Brit, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets

Religious followers of Joseph Smith who founded a communal oligarchic religious order in the 1830s

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in 60 white deaths and fears with white S of further uprisings

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased gov. bonds. Made in civil war to est. stable national currency and war bond sales

Laws passed beginning in 1651 to regulate colonial shipping, provided only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and all goods destined for colonies would go through England 1st

G. Washington's proclamation:

Facilitated migration of free laborers to Kansas to prevent est. of slavery in the territory

Communal society, ~1000 members, est. in New Harmony Indiana by Robert Owen. Scholars to crooks, fell apart due to fighting and confusion in 2 years

“Small-state plan” suggested at Philadelphia convention: equal representation by state, regardless of pop, in unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system

Ministers who took part in the revivalist emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield in the Great Awakening.

Resounding victory of US forces against Brit., restored US confidence/nationalism, last battle of the War of 1812

Uprising of mostly working class Irish Americans protesting the draft, esp. b/c rich could buy out

Uprising of ~2 dozen slaves, 9 white deaths and execution of 21 rioters

Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes/his forces in the Aztec capital Tenochilan killing 100s

Boycotts against brit goods in response to Stamp Act and later Townshend and Intolerable acts. Effective form of protest against Brit policies in colonies

Passed alongside repeal of Embargo Act, reopened trade with all but Brits and Fren. Stayed in place until Jefferson's policy of economic coercion.

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories

Pres. Andrew Jackson vs. S Carolina legislature who declared 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if fed gov tried to collect duties. Resolved by Henry Clay's compromise in 1833

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the Great awakening for a more rational spirituality

Territories gotten by the fed gov from states, land NW of Ohio river, E of the Mississippi, S of Great Lakes.

Concilitory measure from Continental Congress professing US loyalty and seeking end to hostilities. King George rejected it and said the colonies were rebelling

• radical utopian community est. in the
• 19th cent, it advocated “free love”, birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age

Brits vs China over trading rights, esp. Brits selling opium to China. Resulting agreement made US seek similar concessions from China

• Edicts issued by the Brit Crown closing
• Fren-owned Euro ports to foreign shipping. The Fren responded with the seizure of vessels entering Brit ports, cutting off US merchants from trade with both

Secret Franklin Pierce admin. proposal to buy/take Cuba from Spain, once leaked it was abandoned due to opposition from N

Helped fund construction of Union pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants/gov bonds

Severe financial crisis due to Bank of US trying to curb over-speculation on W lands, affected poor esp. in W the most, supporting Jacksonian Democracy

Econ. crisis from bank failures, high grain prices, and A. Jackson’s efforts to curb overspeculation on W lands and transportation improvements. In response, Pres. Martin Van Buren proposed the “Divorce Bill,”: pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the N for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on W public lands

Peace treaty with Brits/US ending Revolutionary war. Brits recognized US independence /ceded territory E of Mississippi, US restored Loyalist property and Brit debts

Fed. gov. bureau to review patent apps: legal recognization of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to inventor for a while

Pro revolution, also Whigs

Rewarding political support with special favors, usually public office.

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment’s lenient policies toward Native Americans

Institution of American slavery in the S. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the N, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the S, where slavery became increasingly entrenched

Union General George B. McClellan’s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the S for some time

English settlers vs Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the death of Pequots by Puritans and Narragansett Indian allies

Pro-Jackson state banks that received most of the fed deposits when Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the US

Signed with Spain who feared Anglo-American alliance and gave US free navigation of Mississippi and disputed Florida territory

Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops/employing coerced or slave labor. Euro settlers est. plantations in Africa, S America, the Caribbean and the US S.

Bloody campaign against Brits by Ottawa chief Pontiac, to get them out of Ohio. Crushed by Brits with inflected blankets

Short lived speedy mail service with Missouri and California based on lightweight riders between outposts

Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

People in the territory decide if it's slave or not

Calvinist doctrine: God predetermined heaven bound and hell bound. Sought to live sanctified lives to prove their worth

Legal principle: Oldest son gets inheritance. Younger had to find wealth, often went to America

Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping in the Revolutionary war.

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac’s uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of Brit rule in the American colonies

Maryland, Penn, Delaware under the control of local proprietors appointed colonial gov

Movement to reform Catholic church in Germany by Martin Luther. Questioned Pope, eliminated indulgences, encouraged Latin Bible translation, and in 1530 when King Henry VIII broke with Roman Catholic Church

Eng. Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Most devout believed only visible saints should be admitted to church membership

Allowed Brit troops to take food/housing from colonists who resented it, saw it as right infringing

Let Fren. residents of Quebec retain traditional political/religious institutions/extended boundaries of the province S to Ohio River.

Brit victory over Fren outside of Quebec, its surrender = begin of end of Fren rule in N America

2nd in a series of conflicts between the Euro powers for control of N America, fought between the Eng and Fren colonists in the N, and the Eng and Span in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the Fren ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Brit.

18th cent Brit political commentators who agitated against political corruption/emphasized threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Writings shaped US political thought/made colonists esp. alert to rights

New Republican Congress, divide S into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and made S states ratify 14th amendment

S democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regime in S after Reconstruction

Granted suffrage to all male Brit citizens, dramatically expanding electorate, success of US democratic experiment reinforced by Union victory in Civil War used as arguments in favor of the bill

Trained professional soldiers used in French and Indian War, Brit gen. often hated non-regulars.

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in N Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite

10 month brutal repression when ~40,000 were executed as enemies of Fren Revolution. Jeffersonians stayed faithful, Federalists withdrew any support

Principle marketplace of NW fur trade, peaked in 1820s and 1830s, each summer traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to trade.

Political theory of representative gov. based on pop. sovereignty, emphasizing liberty and civic virtue

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions, practiced by S slaves

Electoral victory of Democratic Republic over Federalists who lost Congressional majority/pres. Peaceful transfer of power kept faith in the system

Sir Walter Raliegh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of N Carolina

Eng. joint stock company, had state granted monopoly on colonial slave trade from 1672-1698, more slaves after loss of monopoly

Gov. appointed by King.

Signed by Brit and US, est. limits on naval armaments in Great Lakes, 1st step in demilitarizing US/Canada border completed in the 1870s

54° 40' as S most boundary of Russian holdings in N America

Witchcraft trials after teen girls claimed to be bewitched by older women, 20 executed until Gov of Massachusetts stopped it.

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and weak enforcement of Navigation Laws, from Glorious Revolution to 1763

Captured Mexican dictator Santa Anna, forced to withdraw troops from Texas/recognize Rio Grande as TX SW border

Decisive colonial victory in upstate NY, helped get Fren support for Revolution

Derogatory term for proUnion S. who S democrats accused of plundering resources of the S in collusion with Republican gov after Civil War

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Civil War battle, ended in Confederate victory for Robert E Lee to push farther N

• Representative body of delegates from all
• 13 colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass “camp meetings” and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for member

• Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine.
• The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of Eng; after initially settling in Holland, a number of Eng Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620

Daniel Webster’s impassioned address urging the N to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged N to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion

Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alask.

Named for their lively dance worship, simple, communal, celibate, living. First in US from Eng. thanks to Mother Ann Lee, had 6000 members by 1840 but almost died out by 1940s

Armed uprising of W Mass. debtors seeking lower taxes and end to property foreclosures. Stopped fast, but "mob rule" fear rose among Revolutionaries

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. Total war to cut morale.

Bloody civil war battle on Tennesse Mississippi border, 23,000 deathes and marginal Union victory

Exclusive hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental army. Resented pretentiousness of order

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the stamp act.

Uprising AKA Stono Rebellion, 50+ S Carolina blacks tried to get to Span Florida but stopped by S Carolina militia

Span. fleet defeated in Eng channel in 1588, representing decline of Spanish Empire

US Treasury decree requiring public lands be purchased with "hard" or metallic currency because of unreliable paper money

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office 1st by A. Jackson, abused, eventually led to the two party system

Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Lincoln questioning Pres. James K. Polk's Justification for war with Mex.

Frontier farmers who occupied land owned by others

Assembly of delegates from 9 colonies in NYC to draft petition for repeal of Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote inercolonial unity

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of “no taxation without representation” which questioned Parliament’s authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Duty on imported sugar from W Indies, 1st tax levied on colonists by crown, lowered after protests

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. S vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between N and S

Powerful NY poltical machine drawing support from immigrants for social services

Tax levied on imports

1st protective tariff in US history, created primarily to shield New Eng manufacturers from the inflow of Brit goods after the War of 1812.

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. S vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt S farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures

Made pres. get approval from Senate before removing appointees. A. Jackson was impeached for removing his secretary of war for violating this. Stayed in office though

Prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to S slave states

North American Indians as early as 1000; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, “the Prophet” at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet’s brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the Brit against the US

Signed by Span. and Portuagal, dividing territories of New World, Span got most of Americas, Portugal got Africa and Asia

External/indirect levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Proceeds went to pay colonial governors

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. ~4000 died.

Series of 19th cent transportation innovations, turnpikes, steamboats, canals and railroads that linked local and regional markets creating a national economy

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the Brit into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a Brit steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board

George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later

Exchange of rum, slaves and molasses between N American colonies, Africa and W Indies.

4-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed US forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli

Privately funded toll-based public road constructed in the early 19th cent to facilitate commerce

Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, N Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its 6th nation

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women’s movement in the postwar years

Reconstruction era black organization to edu S blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war N Democrats

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, 1st caught on in New Eng at the end of the 18th century

Encampment where George Washington’s poorly-equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army—a lack of stable supplies and munitions

Two-and-a-half-month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the S in 2

Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the fed gov overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional

"Large state” proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation

Measure enacted by Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship, served as a model for religion clause of 1st amendment

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “10 percent plan,” it required that 50% of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated S

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the US the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding US trade with the Chinese

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America’s willingness to defend its interest militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers

Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause

Uprising of whiskey distillers in SW Penn over excise tax on whiskey, crushed fast by Wash to display power

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant’s and Robert E. Lee’s armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant’s capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse

Amendment that sought to prohibit slave ry from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman  David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between N and S over the issue of slavery

Helped end Civil War and encourage Congress to pass constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery

Feminists activists in Seneca Falls NY where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments" stating all men and women are equal

Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean

Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of  1715–1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.

George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.