Lymphatic&Immune Response

Primary cells of lymphatic system

Interstitial fluid forced into lymphatic vessels that lymphocytes are surrounded by.

anything that illicits an immune response

an antigen presenting cell.

direct contact with antigen.

• Lymph nodes:Filter lymph, house macrophages that destroy foreign particles and cellular debris in lymph
• Thymus:Houses lymphocytes; differentiates thymocites into T cells
• Spleen:Blood reservoir that houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged RBC and cellular debris from blood; contains lymphocytes

• 1. Assists in circulating body fluids an so closely related to cardiovascular system.
• 2. Transports fluids away from tissues and retuns it to bloodstream.
• 3. Defends body against infection by disease-causing agents(pathogens).

Lymphatic pathways,lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels(have semilunar valves), lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, collecting ducts(thoracic-larger- or right lymphatic duct-right jugular vein-)

Capillary BP filters water and sm molecules from plasma. Plasma proteins are to large to pass thro. The resulting fluid has the same composition as plasma(nutrients, gases, hormones), but no plasma proteins.

creates pressure....

Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump & one-way valves

filter lymph

• 1.cervical region-from skin of scalp and face, nasal cavity, pharynx
• 2.axillary region-from vessels that drain the upper limbs, thorax wall, mammary glands, upper abdomen wall
• 3.inguinal region-from lower limbs, external genitalia, lower abdomen wall
• 4.pelvic cavity-from lymphatic vessels of pelvic viscera
• 5.abdominal cavity-from abdominal viscera
• 6.thoracic cavity-from thoracic viscera&internal thorax wall
• 7.supratrochlear region- hands

• 1.Colony stimulating factors-stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
• 2.Interferon-block viral replication, stimulate phagocytotic macrophages,stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells
• 3.Interleukins-control lymphocyte differentiation and growth
• 4.Tumor necrosis factor-stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever to accompany bacterial infections, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation

general antibodies versus specific antigens activating specific antibodies

• 1.Species resistance: some species are resistant to diseases others are not
• 2.Mechanical barriers: skin, and mucous membranes
• 3.Chemical barriers: interferons, defensins, collectins, compliment
• 4.Natural killer cells: type of lymphocyte that secretes perforins that lyse virus infected cells or cancer cells.
• 5.Inflammation: tissue response helps prevent spread to nearby tissue
• 6.Phagocytosis: Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, engulf&destroy foreign cells and particles
• 7.Fever: inhibits microbial growth&increase phagocytotic activity

• 1.Colar- temperature
• 2.Rubor- redness
• 3.Tumor- swelling
• 4.Dolor- pain

Antigens w attached antibodies grow large & fall from solution, travel to spleen, and are cleared from system.

Skin, and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, urine

Chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever

Memory B&T cells respond quickly.

When B or T cells become activated after the first encounter with antigens, plasma cells release antibodies.

• 1.Naturally acquired active immunity-Exposure to live pathogens stimulates an immune response with symptoms of the disease.
• 2.Artificially acquired active immunity- Exposure to weakened or dead pathogens stimulates an immune response without symptoms.
• 3.Artificially acquired active immunity- Injection of gamma globulin containing antibodies or antitoxin results in short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response.
• 4.Naturally acquired  passive immunity- Antibodies passed to fetus with active immunity or to newborn thro breast milk from woman with active immunity results in short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response.

• 1. Immunoglobulin IgG-plasma and tissue fluid; defends against bacteria, viruses, toxins & activates compliment.
• 2. Immunoglobulin IgA-exocrine gland secretion; defends against bacteria and viruses.
• 3. Immunoglobulin IgM-plasma; reaction after mismatched blood transfusion & activates compliment. 
• 4. Immunoglobulin IgD-surface of B lymphocytes; B cell activation.
• 5. Immunoglobulin IgE-exocrine gland secretion; promotes inflammation & allergic reaction; usually attached to 'mast' cells.

• Agglutination-in direct attack antigens clump. In activation of compliment, causes clumping of antigen bearing cells-Eg:
• Precipitation-antigens become insoluble-Eg:
• Neutralization-antigens lose toxic property in direct attack. In activation of compliment, molecular structure of viruses is altered making them harmless-Eg:
• Opsinisation-alters antigen cell membrane so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis-Eg:
• Chemotaxis-Atrracts macrophages & neutrophils into region-Eg:
• Lysis-allows rapid movement of water&ions into foreign cells causing osmotic rupture-Eg:
• Inflammation-helps prevent the spread of antigens-Eg:

• 1.Anyphylatic shock:
• 2.Antibody-dependant cytotoxic reactions:
• 3.Immune complex reactions:
• 4.Delayed reaction allergy:

• 1.Autografts:donor is self-Eg: skingraft
• 2.Allografts:donor is human-Eg: kidney from relative or close match
• 3.Isografts: identical twin donor-Eg: bone marrow
• 4.Xenografts:donor is from animal-Eg: pig heart valve

Immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself and produces antibodies called autoantibodies.