Adaptive Immunity

  1. what are the major functions of adaptive immunity?
    • recognize things that are foreign to the body (no self)
    • respond to foreign material
    • remember the foreign invader upon subsequent exposure
  2. what are antigens?
    self and non self molecules are elicit an immune response
  3. what is an epitope?
    site of the Ag that reacts with its specific antibody of T cell receptor
  4. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes
    • set of genes that code for proteins involved in self/nonself recognition
    • important for the activation of T cells
  5. what are human MHC genes called?
    human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
  6. what is the difference between MHC class 1 and class 2?
    class 1 is found on all nucleated cells and class 2 is only found of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages, DC, B cells
  7. MHC molecules
    membrane bound protein complexes where antigens bind in a groove on the surface of each complex
  8. how are antigens presented by MHC class 1?
    MHC class 1 binds to antigenic peptides that come from INSIDE the cell and then "presents" the antigen to CD8+ T cells
  9. how are antigens presented by MHC class 2?
    MHC class 2 binds to antigenic peptides that come from OUTSIDE the cells and then "presents" the antigen to CD4+ T cells
  10. T cell receptor (TCR)
    • cell surface glycoproteins that interact with specific peptide MHC
    • forms a complex with CD3 proteins which transmit signals from the TCR into the cell
  11. how can a T-cell become specific?
    each T cell expresses many copies of the same TCR on its surface what recognizes a specific peptide (MHC complex)
  12. How are T cells activated? (2 signals)
    • 1.TCR binding to peptide MHC
    • 2. Costimulatory signals provided by CD28 interaction with B7 proteins
  13. what are B7 proteins and When are B7 proteins unregulated?
    they are proteins on the antigen presenting cell that signal to the T cells that the cell is infected. B7 proteins are unregulated in response to microbial stimuli
  14. what are the 3 consequences of T cell activation?
    • 1. T cell multiplies - clonal expansion
    • 2. CD4+ T cells become T helper cells and B cells make antibodies
    • 3. CD8+ T cells become cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and kill target cells
  15. what are superantigens?
    bridge class II MHC molecules on APCs (antigen presenting cells) to T-cell receptors in the absences of a specific antigen in the MHC-binding site
  16. what are the results of super antigens?
    results in the activation of many T cells with different antigen specificites AND leads to the overproduction of pro inflammatory cytokines
  17. what is cellular immunity?
    based on the action of T cells
  18. what is humoral immunity
    based on action of antibodies
  19. B cell Recpetor (BCR)
    b cells recognize antifesn through the B cell receptor
  20. in most cases, B cell activation also requires 2 signals:
    • 1. BCR binding to SOLUBLE antigens
    • 2. Cytokines made by T cells
  21. activation of B cells induce what response
    activation results in production of antibodies
  22. what are antibodies?
    glycoproteins that are produced and secreted by plasma cells
  23. where are antibodies found?
    found in blood serum, tissue fluids, and mucosal surfaces of vertebrate animals
  24. what do antibodies do?
    recognize and bind the antigen that caused its production
  25. what are the 2 regions of an antibody structure?
    • variable region - Ag binding domain
    • constant region - binds to antibody receptors on the surfaces of cells
  26. what are the 5 different classes of antibodies?
    • IgG- most common, can cross placenta
    • IgM - complement activation
    • IgA- tears, saliva breast milk
    • IgD - part of BCR
    • IgE - major Ig in allergy
  27. what are the 5 actions of antibodies?
    • precipitation
    • neutralization
    • complement fixation
    • opsonization
    • agglutination
  28. what are the hallmarks of adaptive immunity?
    • discrimination between self and non-self
    • diversity
    • specificity
    • memory
Author
kimiko
ID
279784
Card Set
Adaptive Immunity
Description
m122
Updated