A & P

Seperation between cell contents and outside; allows substances to transport through

Vell content(gel like fluid)

Control center, genetic material DNA

Internal support

Energy ATP producer through cell respiration

Protein Synthesis

Internal transport of molecules

Packages molecules for export from cell

Detoxifies

cell division

Tiny hairs for movement

Tail for movement

Cell is in non-division or preparing for cell devision

Nuclear division

cytoplasmic division

Chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles go towards the pole, mititic spindle fibers form. PMAT

Chromosomes are lined up at the equator

Chromosomes seperate and go towards the poles(hands)

Chromosomes almost reach the poles, new nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis occurs

vertical distance of abject

specimen is enlarged

RNA nucleotide responsible for providing energy needed for almost all lifes processes

single strands of nucleotides, 1/2 strands of ladder, each ring is a nitrogenous base

Double helix which resembles a twisted ladder, each rung is made up of 2 nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds

adenine,cytosine,thymine,guanine

Adenine,cytosine,uracil,guanine

Sugar

contain DNA,RNA. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and used to store and transfer info

amino acids...more than 50 its called a protien-1000 are considered macromolecules

contain 1 phosphorus group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatyy acid chains

neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids. used for energy storage, insulation and are componets for cell membranes.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain many nonpolar methyl groups which prevent lipids from dissolving into water

Alcohol, -OH, different than OH- in bases, which is hydroxide.

carbs, which include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

-COOH  carboxylic acid,

fatty acid chains, which make up most types of lipids, and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.

-NH2

amino acids, which make up proteins

-C=O

byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. Ketones are strong and can affect the PH of body fluids

Substances that neutralize the effect of changes in PH by attching to H+ or releasing H+, many buffers are weak acids or weak bases

• 7-14 when bases dissociated in water, they release hydroxide ions(OH-) Bases attach to H+ in solution
• Bases are proton (H+) acceptors

0-7, when acids dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions(H+) the number of H+ determine the acidity of a solution. H+ are also called PROTONS, acids are proton donors-donates protons.

Defined as the number or concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Ion with a + charge, formed when an atom of an element loses an electron

Ion with a - charge, formed when an atom of an element gains an electron

• male- testes, penis
• Female- ovaries, uterus, vagina

• male-provides sperm to have babies
• Female- provides eggs to have babies

• Kidneys, bladder
• Maintains water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood. rids the body of nitrogen-containing waste-urea

• GI tract, liver, pancreas
• Digestion and absorption

• Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
• Keeps blood supplies with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide

• Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
• Cleanses body protecting against foreign substances

• Heart, blood vessels, blood
• Transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, and nutrients to the body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from the body

• Various glands
• Helps maintain homeostasis by producing hormones(slow communication)

• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Allows body to rapidly detect changes and to respond(rapid communication)

• Muscles attached to the skeleton
• Contractions for locomotion, generates heat

• Bones, cartilages and joints
• Body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action blood cell formation

• Epidermal and dermal skin
• Protects deeper organs from ingury excretes waste, regulates body temp

Spinal(vertebral) and Cranial

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

pericardial, pleural,mediastinum

abdominal and pelvic

Inital growth preparing DNA replication

DNA replication

Second growth-prepairing for mitosis

Mitosis

Idle phase

Line surfaces with connective tissue

• single layer of flatted cells with flattened nucleus
• lung air sacs, kidney membrane
• exchange material by diffusion and filtrationm

• single layer of cells that are equal in height and  width witha spherical nucleus
• kidney tubules
• secretion and absorption

• single layer of cells which are higher than they are wide, with vertically elongated nucleus
• lines digestive tract
• secretion and absorption

• stratified ep with top cells flattened squamous cells
• skin. mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
• physical protection against wear and friction

• Fakely stratified columbar cells
• lines the trachea
• secretion of mucus traps debris, then cilia moves the mucus

• Stratified ep with the top cells "transitioning" from flat squamous-like cell when the tissue is streched, to a cuboidal-like domed cell when the tissue is relaxed
• Lines urinary bladder
• protection and allows stretching and recoiling

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

lipid synthesis-Series of membrane-enclosed sacs that detoxify substances and synthesize lipids

Produces the bulk of the cells ATP

Granular organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis

Protein synthesis-Series of membranes-encloused sacs with ribosomes on the surface

Biosynthetic center of the cell

The cell's "ribosome factory"

hydrolytic enzymes-membranes contain-Contains digestive enzymes

cytoskeletal filament found in the cilia and flagella

Stack of flattened sacs that modify and sort proeins

power house, cell respiration

detox

mitotic spindle