Cell Bio- Gluconeogenesis and Fatty Acids.txt

The role of gluconeogenesis in animal biology is to....

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the _________.

In dogs, gluconeogenesis is the primary source of glucose after...

Describe gluconeogenesis in cats.

Ruminants have a ______ rate of gluconeogeneis because...

The target tissue of glucagon is ________, and it acts by inducing _________, which utilizes _________ for...

The target tissue of epinephrine is _______, and it acts by inducing ________, which utilizes _______ for...

The target tissue of glucocorticoids is _________, and it acts by inducing _________, which utilizes _______ for...

During prolonged fasting ______ are released from peripheral tissues (muscle) and are taken up by the liver to be converted to _____ by the _______.

The Kreb's cycle intermediate __________ is transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm, where it is converted to _______ during _________.

_____________ is the rate-limiting, or slow, step in gluconeogenesis.

PEPCK is regulated at the level of ______________ by _____________.

PEPKC is expressed almost exclusively in the ________.

Ruminant feed contains ________ and __________, which are digested by....

Digestion of carbohydrates in the rumen results in ________.

The major volatile fatty acids that result from ruminant digest are....; the major source of carbons for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver is ___________.

The hexose-monophosphate shunt is only active when...

The pentose phosphate pathway generates __________ for _______ synthesis.

The pentose phosphate pathway synthesizes NADPH in the liver, adipose, and lactating mammaries for...; in the adrenals and testis for...

3 physiological roles of fat.

Bioactive lipids play a major role in __________, a process in which...

To generate bioactive fatty acids, an external signal bind to a ________.

After the signal bunds to the receptor in the generation of bioactive lipids, PLA2 is activated, and it...

Enzyme that cuts fatty acids off a glycerol backbone.

During generation of bioactive lipids, the fatty acids cleaved off by PLA2 is metabolized by __________ to __________

During the generation of bioactive lipids, PGG2s are further metabolized to... (3), which are bioactive lipids that...

NSAIDs block _______ to reduce _______.

Generic term for any 20 carbon fatty acid.

The functions of bioactive eicosanoids are best understood in...

Fatty acid are _______, ________ molecules.

______ and _______ fatty acids are clinically significant.

Two significant groups of dietary PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in animal heath:

_________ is an essential fatty acid in humans, rodents, canines, and cats.

Cats require an extra essential fatty acid, _______.

Linoleic acid is metabolized to _______, which is further metabolized to bioactive __________.

Linolenic acid (semi-essential) is metabolized to _______.

Two sources of arachadonic acid:

2 sources of eicosapentanoic acid:

The term "2 series" refers to the 2 double bonds that remain after the conversion of ___________ to the ____________.

The term "3 series" refers to the 3 double bonds that remain after the conversion of ___________ to the ______________.

________ eicosanoids are biologically more active than ______ eicosanoids.

Because of their increased number of double bonds, fish oils are susceptible to ________; when kept intact, they are useful in treating ________.

Cats lack ________ and therefore, they cannot...

3 functions of cholesterol.

Statins block...

Most fat digestion is initiated in the ________ by the following two mechanisms...

When fat digestion in the duodenum involves bile salts, the mechanism is...

When fat digestion in the duodenum involves hydrolysis, the mechanism is...

When fat digestion in the duodenum results in hydrolysis and formation of monoglycerides and free fatty acids, these components are...

Cholesterol is the precursor of ________.

Bile acid synthesis occurs in the _______, and bile acids function in ____________.

The primary bile acids are...

In most species there is a mix of taurochoic and glycocholic acid as the bile acids, but in cats...

Bile acids are _________ and __________ during digestion in a process called ____________.

All cat foods are supplemented with ________.

After dietary lipids are absorbed in the jejunum, the absorbed long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into ________ in the _________.

The triglycerides that are reassembled in the jejunal mucosal cells are packaged into _________ by the enzyme ________.

The drug Slentrol inhibits _______, and therefore blocking...... in order to treat......

Elevated serum lipids; relatively uncommon in animals, but usually secondary to diabetes or other endocrine problem.

Elevated serum chylomicrons; clinically significant problem in companion animals.

The protein part of a lipid-protein complex.

The major component of chylomicrons.

The four major proteins of chylomicrons.

The cholesterol exchange protein of chylomicrons.

The transport/lipid packaging protein of chylomicrons.

The lipoprotein lipase activator of chylomicrons.

The protein that binds to the liver receptor for chylomicrons.

___________ are rapidly cleared from the blood after a meal.

During chylomicron metabolism, the chylomicron is secreted into the _______________ and them dumped into ____________.

During chylomicron metabolism, circulating chylomicrons become associated with the _____________ in __________, ___________, and __________ because these contain ____________.

During chylomicron digestion, lipoprotein lipase is activated by interaction with _____________, which results in __________ of _________ within the chylomicron and uptake of _______ into the tissues.

During chylomicron digestion, as the chylomicron loses ___________, it shrinks and becomes a ____________. It also loses ________ and __________, but it retains _________ and __________.

During chylomicron digestion, the chylomicron remnant is taken up by the __________ by the chylomicron remnant receptor, which recognizes _________.

During chylomicron digestion, after the chylomicron remnant binds to the liver, it releases _________ and _________ into the liver cell.

The liver DOES NOT store ________ or ________; storage of these substances is a pathological disease known as ________.

Fatty acids that are deposited in the liver by chylomicron remnant are repackaged into _______ and sent ___________.

The major component of VLDLs.

Most of the triglyceride in VLDLs is leftover from ___________.

__________ are difficult to clear from circulation.

VLDL is synthesized in the __________; VLDL transport _________ to the ___________.

During VLDL metabolism, __________ interacts with and activates _______ at the endothelial border of peripheral tissues.

During VLDL metabolism, lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes the _______ from the ________ in the VLDL, which are then incorporated into _____________ for storage.

During VLDL metabolism, as VLDL lose ________ and _________, the VLDL becomes and Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL).

The 2 fates of IDLs.

LDL is composed mainly of _______ and ________.

LDL binds inefficiently to _________, and therefore, it is...

HDL transports cholesterol from the _________ to the _______.

HDL is synthesized in the...

HDL picks up _______ from the ________; this occurs when _______ activates the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acetyltransferase, facilitating the transfer of ________ in the peripheral tissues to ______________ in the HDL particle.

The cholesterol-containing HDL binds to a _________ on the surface of the ________, and ___________ are delivered.

HDL cholesterol delivered to the liver is converted to __________ or _____________.

What is the main reason dogs and cats are protected from atherosclerosis?

Persistently elevated HDL provides an effective mechanism to...

HDLs function _________; chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL function in the __________.

Fatty acid synthesis occurs when...

Fatty acid synthesis is driven by _________.

Fatty acid synthesis takes place in which tissues?

The major substrate for fatty acid synthesis in monogastrics.....; In ruminants...

What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis?

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is regulated by...

__________ turns on Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) by activating a protein that dephosphorylates and activates ACC in the fed state.

___________ activates AMP-dependent kinase, which phosphorylates and inactivates (inhibits) in the fasted state.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) converts _________ to ________, which contributes 2 carbon units to the ____________, a rxn catalyzed by __________.

Excess glucose cannot be stored beyond.....; therefore, it is stored as...

The metabolism of dietary glucose provides carbons and ______, which is the source of H+'s for FAS.

Oxaloacetate is metabolized to malate by ____________.

Malate is converted to pyruvate by _______, which generates _______.

The major source of NADPH for FAS under conditions of excess glucose intake is the ________.

Differences in energy metabolism for monogastrics and ruminants:
Energy absorbed from diet-
Energy source utilized by cells-
Carbons for gluconeogenesis-
Carbons for FAS-
Source of NAADPH for FAS-

Potentially fatal condition in cats, associated with rapid uncontrolled weight loss.

Excessive mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue during a fast as a result of poorly managed weight loss lead to...

Falling blood glucose levels activates...

In response to a fast, __________ and ___________ occur simultaneously.

__________ is the major hormone driving adipose tissue triglyceride lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation during a fast.

Epinephrine activates __________, which converts ATP to cAMP, which activates ___________.

When Epi acts in the adipose tissue, PKA activates ______, which cleaves fatty acids from glycerol so they can be released into the blood and...

FFA are released from the ________ as a result of _________-induced lipolysis.

FFA travel through blood bound to _________.

FFA taken up by the liver undergo ___________ in the mitochondria.

Enzyme that plays a major role in transport of "free" FA across the mitochondrial membrane for beta-oxidation.

Beta-oxidation in the mitochondria converts _______ to _______ and generates _______ and ________.

FFA are taken up by the _________ during a fast, and they are converted to _______ by ________ in the cytoplasm.

Acyl CoA passes through the outer mitochondrial membrane, but it is converted to ___________ by carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) before it can be transported across the inner membrane.

Acylcarnitine is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by _________.

After acylcarnitine crosses the inner mitochondrial membrane, it is converted to ________ and _________ by __________.

Acyl-CoA undergoes ____________ to form acetyl-CoA, which then enters the ________.

Therapeutic weight-loss foods often contain high levels of ________ to help burn fat.

What are the 3 stages of fasting and what occurs during them?

Ketone synthesis begins after a period of...

With ketone synthesis, excess _______ is produced and shunted to _________ in the ________.

Ketones produced in the liver are released into the ___________ as...(3)

During a prolonged fast, ketones are broken down to _________ via the _______ to generate _____.

When, blood ketone levels become too high due to a protracted, lengthy, uncontrolled fast,ketones...

Hepatic lipidosis causes excessive mobilization of _______ into the _______, causing inadequate ___________ and increased _________ deposition.

Hepatic lipidosis can be linked to __________.

Defective transport of _________ into the mitochondrion can result in accumulation of ________ in the liver, resulting in _________.