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Animal in which "foreign" DNA has been incorporated into the genome; the foreign DNA is transmitted to the offspring.
transgenic animal
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Describe the microinjection method of creating transgenic animals.
- 1. inject foreign DNA into one pronuclei of a fertilized mouse egg
- 2. transfer injected egg into foster mother
- 3. breed mice expressing foreign DNA to propagate DNA in germ line
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Embryonic stem cells come from...
the inner cell mass of a blastocyst
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The outer part of the blastocyst (ie. not the ESCs) is called the __________ and functions to...
trophoblast; facilitate implantation and formation of the placenta (DOE NOT become the animal)
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ESCs can be cultured with specific hormones and growth factors to cause them to...
differentiate into specific cell lineages
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_____________ retain totipotency.
Blastomeres
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Cells that can form all cell lineages EXCEPT the trophoblast (placenta).
pluripotent
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An example of pluripotent cells.
embryonic stem cells (which is why you must implant them into a blastocyst before you implant them into a surrogate mother, otherwise the placenta will not form)
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Sum of all developmental options available to a cell.
Potency
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Ability to form all lineages of the organism; in mammals, only the zygote and first cleavage blastomeres.
totipotent
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Ability of adult stem cells to form multiple cell types of one lineage.
multipotent
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Example of multipotent cells.
hematopoietic stem cells
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Cells form one cell type.
unipotent
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Example of unipotent cells.
pancreatic beta cell
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Alters or changes cell potency; typically induces dedifferentiation; can be induced by nuclear transfer, cell fusion, genetic manipulation.
reprogramming
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Small pool of stem cells that retain multi- or pluripotency through adulthood.
adult stem cells
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Example of adult stem cells.
crypts of the small intestine
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Cell division resulting in daughter cells with two different fates.
asymmetric cell division
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Asymmetric cell division occurs with...
adult stem cells
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Induced pluripotent stem cells is using ________ to make...
transcription factors; somatic cells pluripotent so they can be used like ESCs
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Describe cloning by embryo transfer/splitting.
- 1. cow artificially inseminated
- 2. zygotes develop into embryos in cow and then are removed at totipotent stage
- 3. totipotent embryos are split in vitro
- 4. embryos are placed in uteruses of several surrogate cows
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Mutated stem cells that exhibit resistance to chemotherapy and radiation.
cancer stem cells
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The development of transgenic production animals that would express cloned genes that encoded gene products (proteins) that...
could be isolated and used as human pharmaceuticals
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When producing transgenic animals for human pharmaceuticals, the embryo is created by in vitro fertilization, then the ______________ and ____________ are injected into the fertilized embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother, and the drug is produced from...
DNA gene for the drug; mammary directing signal; proteins in mammary epithelial cells from he offspring
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In Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, mammary gland cells in _______ are isolated and fused by electric pulses with _________. these are cultured until the ________ stage, at which time they are implanted in the surrogate mother.
Go phase; enucleated oocytes in metaphase of meiosis II; blastocyst
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Congenital stationary night blindness is caused by a homozygous four nucleotide __________,causing a premature stop codon.
deletion
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Congenital stationary night blindness is treated in Briards by constructing a ________ with a __________________; this compound is injected into the ________, saving vision!
vector; functional canine RPE65 gene; retina
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Recombinant AAV has tropism for ___________ for _______________; this is the vector used for...
long-lived, post-mitotic cells (muscle,liver); long-term expression; gene therapy to rescue vision in Briards with congenital stationary night vision
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In a cloned subunit gene for FeLV, the ________ is cloned and the gene encoding __________ is "subcloned" into a ___________, which is expressed in vitro; this protein product is used to immunize the cat.
FeLV genome; p120; plasmid vector
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Canarypox virus is ___________ in mammalian hosts; recombinant canarypox viruses express _________ to stimulate a strong immune response but cannot _________.
non-replicative; inserted genes; multiply or cause disease in the host
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Recombinant canarypox viruses do not require an ________.
adjuvant
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The equine west nile virus vaccine (Prevenile) there is limited or no __________, allowing ___________ that stimulate a protective immune response.
replication of the virus; expression of these proteins
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