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Instead of being parallel to the spine and sternum, the heart is positioned ______________ within the ___________.
at a 45° with the sternum; middle mediastinum (left of the midline)
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The heart is enclosed by the ___________ and is situated in the ___________, which contains...
pericardium; pericardial cavity; the heart and a small amount of pericardial fluid
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The broad base of the heart points _________, and the apex, or __________, points _________.
craniodorsally; left ventricle; caudoventrally
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The left side of the heart is called the _________ because...
auricular surface; both the right and left auricles can be seen on the left side
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The right side of the heart is known as the ___________ because...
atrial surface; both the right and left atria can be seen on this side
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What are the two interventricular grooves and where are they located?
- 1. paraconal interventricular groove- left side, continues from under the left auricle.
- 2. subsinuosal interventricular groove- right side, continues from under the caudal vena cava
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Superficial separation of the atria and the ventricles.
coronary groove
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The pericardium is the ___________ of the heart, and it is divided into...
fibroserous envelope; an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer
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The serous pericardium has the following layers...
- 1. parietal layer- fused with the fibrous outer pericardium
- 2. visceral layer (EPICARDIUM)- directly applied to heart
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The pericardial cavity is the space between the ___________ and the _____________.
parietal and visceral serous pericardium
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The thick middle layer of the heart wall that is composed of cardiac muscle.
myocardium
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The thin, smooth-surfaced layer lining the inside of the myocardium that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels.
endocardium
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The myocardium of the ___________ is 3-4 times thicker than the __________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
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The the atria of the heart are the __________.
receiving chambers
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The ventricles of the heart are the __________.
ejecting chambers
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The right chambers of the heart contain ____________; the left chambers of the heart contain ____________.
deoxygenated blood (venous); oxygenated blood (arterial)
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Blood enters the right atrium from...
- Dorsal intercostal aa. --> azygous v. --------------->
- Ventral intercostal aa. --> Internal thoracic v. ----> cranial vena cava + caudal vena cava = SINUS VENARUM ------> RIGHT ATRIUM
The coronary sinus (which drains blood from the heart itself) also drains into the sinus venarum
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Transverse ridge of tissue between the two caval openings inside the right atrium (where the cranial and caudal vena cavas drain into the sinus venarum).
Intervenous tubercle
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Slit-like depression where the fetal foramen ovale existed, allowing blood to pass from the right to left atrium.
fossa ovale
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Why does a fetus need the foramen ovale, but it closes to become the fossa ovale after birth?
A fetus is not breathing using its lungs with in utero; therefore, blood can travel directly between the two ventricles without going to the lungs first. Once a neonate breathes on its own, thi opening must close to force blood to travel to the lungs first to pick up oxygen.
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The fossa ovalis is caudal to the _______ on the _________ of the __________.
Intervenous tubercle on the inside of the right atrium
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Interlacing muscles on the internal surface of the wall of the right auricle.
pectinate mm.
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The smooth-surfaced, thick portion of the heart muscle in the right atrium; shaped like a semi-lunar crest.
crista terminalis
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The crista terminalis is the muscle from which the _________ radiate in both atria; this also associated with the __________ (aka. ____________) IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM.
pectinate mm.; sinoatrial node; pacemaker
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The right ventricle communicates with the right atrium via the ____________.
atrioventricular valve
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The septal cusp of the atrioventricular valve continues to the septal wall of the ventricle by ____________, which are attached to the septal wall by ___________.
chordae tendinae; 3-4 papillary muscles
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The muscular irregularities of the interior of both of the ventricular walls.
Trabeculae carneae
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The right ventricle ejects ________ blood into the _______, which transports the blood to the _________, which subsequently send the blood to the _________.
deoxygenated; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries (left and right); lungs
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The pulmonary trunk is located...
between the auricles
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Muscular strand that that extends across the lumen of the right ventricle from the septal to the parietal walls.
trabecula septomarginalis
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Thin, concave fold of tissue that is present on the cranial part of the left interatrial septal wall; remnant of fetal passageway.
valve of foramen ovale
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The left atrium receives ________ blood from the lung via...
oxygenated; 5-6 pulmonary veins
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The left ventricle ejects blood to the _______.
aorta
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The aortic fibrous ring and the atrioventricular fibrous rings are made up of...
right and left fibrous trigones
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The right and left atrioventricular valves are made up of...
septal and parietal cusps
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The right and left atrioventricular valves are ________ valves.
bicuspid/ mitral
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The aortic valve is made up of...
right, left, and septal semilunar valves
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The semilunar cusps of the aortic valve have _________ in the middle of their free borders.
nodules
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The pulmonary valve is at the junction between the ______ and the _______.
right ventricle; pulmonary trunk
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The pulmonary valve consists of...
3 semilunar cusps (right, left, and intermediate)
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The sinoatrial node is at the ___________, the semilunar muscular crest at the opening of the right auricle.
crista terminalis
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The atrioventricular node is ___________ to the ___________ of the right atrioventricular valve.
craniodorsal; septal cusp
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The purpose of trabecula septomarginalis is....
provides a shortcut for a bundle of the conducting tissue (atrioventricular bundles), ensuring a simultaneous contraction of all parts of the right ventricle.
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The only structure to pass through the lumen of the right ventricle (same in left ventricle).
trabecula septomarginalis with enclosed atrioventricular bundles with conducting fibers
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Ligaments that go from the pericardium to the sternum and diaphragm, respectively.
sternopericardial ligament; phrenicopericardial ligament
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The aorta comes out of the ________.
left ventricle
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Th ascending aorta has what branches?
right and left coronary arteries
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The aortic arch has what branches directly from it (not including ascending and descending aorta)?
brachiocephalic trunk; left subclavian artery
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The brachiocephalic trunk has what branches?
right and left common carotid aa.; right subclavian a.
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The right and left common carotid aa. supply...
the head, face, and brain
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The right and left subclavian aa. supply the...
neck, thoracic limb, and cranial portion of the thoracic wall
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The right and left subclavian aa. have what branches on their respective sides of the body?
vertebral a., costocervical trunk, internal thoracic a., superficial cervical a.
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The vertebral a. ascends in the ________ of the ________ after branching from the _________.
transverse foramina; 1st-6th cervical vertebrae; subclavian a.
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The costocervical trunk supplies the...
first 3 intercostal spaces, muscles at the base of the neck, and muscles dorsal to the first few thoracic vertebrae
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The costocervical trunk has what branches?
deep cervical a., dorsal scapular a.
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The internal thoracic a. supplies the...
ventral structures of the intercostal spaces
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The superficial cervical a. supplies the...
base of the neck and scapular region
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The descending aorta has what branches?
dorsal intercostal aa., bronchoesophageal a.
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The left coronary a. comes out of the ___________ under the ______.
ascending aorta; left auricle
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The left coronary artery has what branches?
paraconal interventricular branch; circumflex branch
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The circumflex branch of the left coronary artery curves around the ________.
coronary groove
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The right coronary artery comes from under the ______ and runs....
right auricle; down the right side of the heart
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The great cardiac (coronary vein) arises at the _______ and runs in the ________.
apex of the heart; paraconal interventricular groove
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The great cardiac (coronary) vein runs in the _________ and empties into the _______, which drains into the _______.
paraconal interventricular groove; coronary sinus; right atrium
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The azygous vein has what branches?
dorsal intercostal veins
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The cranial vena cava has what branches?
costocervical vv., internal thoracic v., right and left brachiocephalic vv.
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The right and left brachiocephalic vv. have what branches on their respective sides of the body?
subclavian vv., internal jugular vv., external jugular vv.
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The connective tissue between the pulmonary artery and aorta that closes by one week of age; remnant of fetal communication between these arteries before breathing outside the body.
ligamentum arteriosum
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The ligamentum arteriosum is a fetal remnant of the _______; failure to close this structure after birth can result in....
ductus arteriosus; patent ductus arteriosus
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What are the parts of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
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What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is the __________ division; the parasympathetic division is the _________ division.
thoracolumbar; craniosacral
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system functions in...
fight or flight (norepinephrine)
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The neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is __________ and its purpose is...
norepinephrine; associated with conditions of stress
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What are the 6 parts of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic trunk and ganglion, cervicothoracic ganglion, vertebral nerve, middle cervical ganglion, ansa subclavia, cardiac nerves
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The neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is _______ and its purpose is...
acetylcholine; associated with normal homeostatic activity
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic NS is associated with _________.
anatomic structures
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What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
CN III, VII, IX, X
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What are the 3 parts of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
vagus nerves (left and right), recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagosympathetic trunk
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The vagus nerve of the ___________ of the autonomic nervous system splits into...
parasympathetic division; dorsal and ventral vagal trunks (on each, the right and left sides)
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The vagosympathetic trunk is from the __________ to the ___________.
cranial to middle cervical ganglia
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