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What are the products of pro-opiomelanocortin?
- ACTH
- MSH- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Beta-endorphins (opoid peptide- mu, delta, kappa receptors)
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What is somatomedin C?
Refered to as insulin-like growth factor which is released in response to growth hormone.
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With which maternal blood types does erythroblastosis fetalis and hemolytic disease of the newborn occur?
- Maternal blood types A and B: the antibodies (Anti-A and -B) are of the IgM subtype and cannot cross the placenta.
- In maternal blood type O, the antibodies are primarily IgG and can cross the placenta to cause fetal hemolysis.
- In Rh-, the Anti-D antibodies are of IgG and can cross the placenta to cause hemolysis.
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At what week of gestation are neural crest cells present in the rectum?
12th week
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At what week of gestation are neural crest cells present in the colon?
8th week
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What genetic mutation is Hirshsprung disease associated with?
- RET gene mutations
- Failure of neural crest cell migration
- Receptor associated Tyrosine kinase
- MEN2A/2B
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What causes orotic aciduria?
Defect in UMP synthase. Can't convert orotic acid to Uridine monophosphate (UMP)
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What is the pathology seen below?
Horse shoe kidney
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What causes a horseshoe kidney?
- Results from fusion of the inferior poles of both kidneys.
- As the kidneys ascend from the pelvis during fetal development, horseshoe kidneys get trapped under inferior mesenteric artery.
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What does the medullary cord contain?
B cells, plasma cells
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What does the medullary sinuses contain?
Reticular cells and macrophages
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What causes Lynch syndrome?
- Mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes with subsequent microsatellite instability.Mutation in the genes MSH2 and MLH1 which code for components of the human MutS and MutL homologs.
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What are the effects of Radiation therapy?
Causes apoptosis of tumors via free radical formation and dsDNA breakage.
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What is the function of microglia?
- Microglia (derived from monocytes) move into area of ischemic infarct 3-5 days and they phagocytize fragments of neurons, myelin and debris.
- HIGH LIPID STAINING
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