-
Fluid within lymphatic system
lymph
-
conducts lymph
lymph vessels
-
filter and contain lymph
lymph nodes
-
fluid found in the interstitial space
interstitial fluid
-
what is the interstitial space?
tissue space, the space that surrounds the cells of a tissue
-
origin of interstitial fluid
plasma is filtered through the arterial ends of the capillaries into the interstitial space and it becomes interstitial fluid
-
description of starting points of lymph vessels
begin as blind starting points in the tissue spaces between the cells
-
Can large proteins be absorbed at the venous ends of the capillaries?
no
-
excess interstitial fluid...
enters the lymph capillaries and becomes lymph
-
Ultimate destination of lymph?
the blood system
-
3 functions of lymph
- drains protein containing fluid from the tissue spaces
- transports fats from the GI system to the blood
- acts in surveillance and defense
-
3 things lymph protects the body from
- foreign substances
- microbes
- cancer cells
-
another term for lymph vessels
lymphatics
-
3 main types of lymphatics (lymph vessels)
- lymphatic capillaries
- lymphatic veins
- lymphatic ducts
-
microscopic tubes originating in the interstitial space at blind starting points with flap-like one way valves
lymphatic capillaries
-
lines lymphatic capillaries
endothelial cells
-
how are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries?
lymphatic capillaries are larger (so they can take in larger proteins)
-
where are lymphatic capillaries found?
most of the body, but not in non-vascular areas or the brain
-
intestinal lymphatic capillaries
lacteals
-
tiny finger-like projections that come out from the small intestine
they increase the absorptive area and surface area of the small intestines
villi
-
function of intestinal lacteals
absorb fats from the intestines
-
How are lymphatic and blood veins similar?
- possess:
- internal coat of endothelial cells
- a thin middle coat of smooth muscle
- an external coat of connective tissue
-
Describe lymphatic veins
- structure similar to blood veins (inner -endothelium, middle - thin smooth muscle, outer - connective tissue)
- numerous valves to prevent back flow of lymph
-
prominent feature of lymphatic veins
valves
-
how many lymphatic ducts are there? Name them.
- 2
- Right lymphatic duct
- Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
-
area of the body the right lymphatic duct drains
upper right quarter of the body
-
What blood vein does the right lyphatic duct enter?
right subclavian vein
-
How long is the right lymphatic duct?
1.5cm
-
another name for left lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
-
area of body thoracic duct drains
remaining 3/4ths of the body
-
where does the thoracic duct drain?
left subclavian vein
-
lymphatic reservoir at the beginning of the thoracic duct
cisterna chyli
-
where does lymph come from that drains into the cisterna chyli?
from legs, kidneys, and intestines
-
body cavities the thoracic duct traverses
thoracic and abdominal cavities
-
The thoracic duct penetrates the diaphragm at the _________ ___________.
diaphragmatic hiatus
-
How long is the thoracic duct?
-
How is lymph circulated?
driven primarily through the action of skeletal muscles and by breathing
-
Describe rate of lymph flow
very sluggish
-
insures that lymph only flows in one direction
one way valves
-
2 main groupings of lymphatic tissue
-
size and shape of typical lymph node
-
depressed area on one side of a lymph node where lymphatic vessels leave the node
hilus
-
direction of flow in hilar lymphatic vessels
efferent (leaving node)
-
hilar vessels are called...
efferent vessels
-
characterizes direction of flow of the lymphatic vessels on the convex surface of a lymph node
afferent (entering node)
-
enter lymph node along the convex cortical side
afferent vessels
-
which are more numerous, afferent or efferent lymph vessels in lymph nodes?
afferent (entering)
-
another name for the convex, or outer portion, of a lymph node?
cortical
-
having to do with the cortex or outer portion
cortical
-
curving or bulging outward
convex
-
lymph vessels that enter a lymph node are called..
afferent vessels
-
center of the lymph node
medulla
-
what partitions the medulla into compartments (nodules)?
trabeculae
-
compartments in the lymph node
nodules
-
What is located within the nodules of a lymph node?
trabecular sinuses
-
what is located within the trabecular sinuses of the lymph node?
they are lined with lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
-
purpose of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells within the trabeculae sinuses of a lymph node
destroy bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and other foreign material
-
rate of movement of lymph within the lymph nodes
very slow since the nodes act as a filter for the lymph
-
knowledge of the lymph system is important in the diagnosis of what disease?
cancer
-
the prediction of course or outcome of a disease or disorder
chances of recovery from a disease
prognosis
-
What is knowledge of the lymphatic system especially useful in treating cancers?
cancer often metastasizes by way of the lymphatics
-
Process by which cancer cells move from one part of the body to another
metastasis
-
are lymph nodes spaces evenly through out the body?
No, they are more prevalent in certain areas
-
2 terms to describe general locations of lymph glands
-
superficial lymph nodes are found....
- neck (cervical nodes)
- arm pit (axillary nodes)
- groin (inguinal nodes)
-
lymph glands of neck
cervical nodes
-
lymph nodes of arm pit
axillary nodes
-
lymph nodes of the groin
inguinal nodes
-
Superficial nodes are easily __________.
palpated
-
felt with the hand
palpated
-
deep lymph nodes are found....
- iliac
- lumbar
- thoracic
- omentum areas
-
-
3 sets of tonsils
- palatine tonsils (pair)
- pharyngeal tonsil
- lingual tonsils (pair)
-
tonsils easily seen in the throat
palatine tonsils
-
medical term for removal of tonsils
tonsillectomy
-
another name for pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids
-
is pharyngeal tonsil a single or paired structure?
single
-
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
imbedded in the posterior roof of the nasopharynx
-
where are lingual tonsils located?
the base of the tongue
-
What characterizes the locations of the tonsils?
strategically located to protect against ingested foreign organisms
-
largest lymph organ
spleen
-
Where is the spleen located?
beneath the diaphragm to the left of the stomach
-
What types of pulp does the spleen contain?
white and red
-
White pulp of the spleen consists of...
lymphatic tissue
-
Red pulp of the spleen composed of .....
sinuses containing blood
-
3 functions of the spleen
- store lymphocytes (especially B lymphocytes)
- phagocytize worn out or injured RBCs
- filter and store blood
-
common complication of ruptured spleen
requires immediate surgery to prevent exsanguination (bleeding out)
-
shape of thymus gland
bilobed
-
location of thymus
in the superior mediastinum immediately behind the sternum
-
The thymus is very ______________ in infants and children, but becomes ____________ as people age.
-
function of the thymus gland
production of T-lymphocytes
-
T-lymphocytes are derived from....
hemocytoblasts (stem cells)
-
In addition to the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, what are also sometimes considered lymph organs?
the lymph node system and bone marrow
-
What happens to the large protein molecules that can't be reabsorbed at the venous ends of the capillaries?
They enter the lymphatic capillaries
|
|
