Patho Exam 1

reproduction and making proteins

• nucleus and nucleolus
• cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
• cytoskeleton

dischange of cell particles, which are packaged in membrane- bound vesicles, by fusion of the vesicular membrane w/ the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the particles to the exsterior of the cell

• produce hemoglobin
• have enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (b/c it needs to produce the large hemo)
• have small golgi bodies (b/c their holding alot and not sending it out)

• lose their endoplasmic reticulum (b/c they made their prduct and aren't making more)
• lose their mitochondia (b/c they dont make ATP b/c they get energy from anaerobic metabolizom)
• lose lysosomes (they don't create free radicals)

molecules move randomly away from the area where they are most concentrated

• movement of water from region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration
• depends on particle concentration

• moves into the cell
• water diffuses from the place with lots of water to the place with less water
• water follows solutes the "pull" of the particles is oncotic or colloid osmotic

water will follow Na

molecules diffuse across a membrane WITH HELP by forming a vacuole or attaching to protein

• need something in cell
• vaccums it in
• moves it across membrane
• let it out inside the cell

• non- lipid soluble molecules need help through the membrane
• they combine w/ a carrier protein and are carried across in the cell

• diffusion results in uniform concentration
• cell processes requires uneven concentration
• -high concentrations of K are needed to carry out intercellular processes
• energy (ATP) is used to move substances into or out of the cell for use

ATP is used directly to move a substance against the concentration gradient

• the energy created by primary active transport is harnessed and used to facilitate the transport of a second substance
• usu involves Na b/c large Na gradients occur frequently in normal metabolism

• a messeneger molecule attaches to receptor proteins on cells surface
• receptors span the cells membrane (messengers hook up and send message)

message is converted and moved across the membrane to effect a change w/in the cell

more receptors are present when low levels of messengers are available

few receptors are available when high levels of messengers are present

• second messenger- turn on internal cellular systems
• (activate receptors of membrane and that activates something in the cell)

mediate cellular responses (hormones)

rapid synaptic signaling (neurotransmitters)

• rapid ion exchange is needed for cellular process
• the electical change of ions such as Na and K make it difficult for these to pass through the lipid membrane
• special protein channels span the width of the lipid membrane
• the proteins undergo conformational changes to form open channels for a selected ion

open and about the gradient

• need something to open ligand and let things in
• ex. hormone

the processs that provdies fuel for cellular processes. Converts proteins, carbs, and fats to ATP: ENERGY

w/o oxygen in the cytoplasm

w/ oxygen in the mitochondia