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acoelomate
An animal that lacks an internal body cavity (coelom)
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germ layers
In animals, one of the three basic types of tissue formed during gastrulation; gives rise to all other tissues
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hemimetabolous metamorphosis
A type of metamorphosis in which the animal increases in size from one stage to the next, but does not dramatically change its body form. Also called incomplete metamorphosis.
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holometabolous metamorphosis
A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form. Also called complete metamorphosis.
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lophotrochozoan
- A major lineage of protostomes (Liphotrochozoa) that grow by extending the size of their skeletons rather than by molting. Many phyla have a specialized feeding structure (lophophore) and/or cilitated larvae (trochophore).
- 1.Rotifers
- 2.Flatworms
- 3.Segmented worms
- 4.Molluscs
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ecdysozoans
- A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies.
- 1.arthropods
- 2.insects
- 3.crustaceans
- 4.nematodes
- 5.centipedes
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medusa
The free-floating stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians
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Mesoderm
The middle of the three basic cell layers in most animal embryos; gives rise to muscles, bones, blood, and some internal organs (kidney, spleen,etc.).
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Ectoderm
The outermost of the three basic cell layers in most animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system
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Mollusks
Lophtrochozoan: Mollusca. Trioblastic/Bilaterally symmetric Protosomes
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oviparous
Producing eggs that are laid outside the body where they develop and hatch.
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ovoviviparous
Producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch.
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viviparous
producing live young (instead of eggs) that develop within the body of the mother before birth(Live Bearing)
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what defines an animal?
- 1.muticellular
- 2.Move voluntarily
- 3.Heterotroph
- 4. Respond rapidly to stimuli
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are slime molds multicellular?
Only during reproductive phase
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Diploblasts
animals whose embryo have two types of tissue
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Germ layers are only found in?
diploblasts
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two groups of animal that are diploblasts
- 1.Cnidaria(jellyfish,corals)
- 2.Ctenophora(comb jellies)
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Proifera
- 1.sponges
- -benthic
- -filter feeder
- -asymmetrical
- -specialized cells lack neurons
- sessile,
- multicelluar
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Cnidarians have nerve net?
Yes, cnidarians and ctenophoresmhave have nerve net because they are radially symmetric..need nerves around entire body
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Radial symmetry
at least two planes of symmetry..if were to cut diagonal, would be identical
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why was the evolution of a body cavity important?
-coelem:enclosed, fluid-filled cavity, creates a container for the circulation of oxygen and nurtients
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Do cnidarians and ctenophores have a coelem?
No
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why was the coelom a critically important innovation during animal evolution?
-because an enclosed, fluid-filed chamber, can act as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton
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What did the evolution of the coelom provide for animals?
the evolution of the coelom gave bilaterally symmetric organism the ability to move effeiciently in search of food
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Protostomes
"first-Mouth", in which the mouth develops before the anus
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deuterostomes
"second mouth". in which the anus develops before the mouth
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Vast majority of animals are_____and humans are________
vast majority of animal species are protosomeshumans are deuterostomes
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Tube within a tube design
-the inner tube is the gut, the outer tube forms the body wall
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Worms
animals that have long, thin, tubelike bodies that lacks limbs
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The closest living relatives of animals
- coanoflagellates(protists)
- they are not multicellular because they are not animals
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choanocytes
Sponge feeding cells
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Which evolved first...bilateral or radial symmetry?
Radial symmetry
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Platyhelminthes
- protostomes that lack coelom
- 1.Flatworms
- 2.tapeworms.
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what triggered the diversification of species within each lineage?
the evolution of innovative methods for sensing the environment
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which symmetry are sponges mostly?
asymmetrical but some are radial
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totipotent
small groups of adult cells have the capacity to develop into a complete adult organism
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how was the evolution of mesoderm associated with the evolution of coelom?
mesoderm made it possible for an enclosed, muscle-lined cavity to develop, creating a coelom
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animals with what type of symmetry underwent cephalization?
bilateral
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the evolution of bilateral symmetry provided for_____and triggered______
efficient movement and triggered the development of cephalization
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Cnidarian
- 1.Jellyfish, corals, anemones
- -cnidocyte:stinging cell
- -radially symmmetry
- -first animal with tissues
- -alternation of generation
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Ctenphora
- Comb Jellies
- -not radially symmetric
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Rotifer
- Lophotrochozaons:Rotifera
- -Lives in pond water/soil
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Tubellarians
- Lophotrochozoans:Platyhelminthes
- -free living flat worms
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Cestodes
- Lophotrochozoans:Platyhelminthes
- -endoparasitic tapeworms
- -no gut,stomach,mouth or digestive tract
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Trematodes
- Lophotrochozoans:Platyhelminthes
- -endo-or ectoprarsitic flukes
- -can have multiple host species
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Annelida
- 1.Segmented worms
- -very diverse
- -most are free living
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two forms of annelida
- 1.polychaeta-"feet"
- 2.Clitellata-"no feet"
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major lineages of mollusks
- 1.chitons
- 2.bivalves
- 3. gastropods
- 4.cephlapods
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Chiton
- Polyplacophora
- 1.use radula to scrape radula off algae
- 2.Brightly colored shells
- 3.Most primitive in phyla
- 4.Open circulatory system
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Gastropoda
- both aquatic and terrestrial
- -snails/slugs
- General body plan:
- 1.Foot to glide along
- 2.visceral mass
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aplysia
- sea hare
- -have the biggest nerve cell
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cephalopoda
- 1.squid
- 2.cuttlefish
- 3.octopus
- 4.nautilus
- -have closed circulatory system(Only Mollusks)
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Ecdysozoans:nematoda
- Roundworms
- -unsegemented
- -pseudocoelom
- -cuticle-live in extremely diverse habitats
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Mollusk lineages
- 1.bivalves (clams, oysters)
- 2.gastropods (snails, slugs),
- 3.chitons,
- 4.cephalopods (squid, octopuses).
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Mollusk body plan
- Distinguished by a body plan with three
- main parts:
- 1.a muscular foot
- 2.a visceral mass
- 3.a mantle
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Protostome Lineages
- 1.Lophotrochozoan
- 2.Ecdysozoan
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Nautilus
- 1.Most primitive cephalopods
- 2.eye is basically a hole
- 3.Has siphon:takes water in and uses it to move
- 4.Have chromatophores: have changing pigmentation
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