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Components of the Female Breast
- 1) retromammary space
- 2) suspensory ligaments
- 3) glandular tissues
- 4) adipose tissue
- 5) lactiferous ducts/ sinus
- 6) nipple areola
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When is glandular tissue up to full potential?
When women is Lactating
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Rudimentary tissue
= glandular tissue is barely there
When Men = Prepubescent Girls
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Female Breast Lies Where?
in superficial fascia
above the pectoralis major muscle
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suspensory ligament is what kind of tissue?
dense fibrous tissue
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Size Determinants for Breast
1) estrogen (genetics)
2) fat deposition (nutrition/ diet)
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Mediastinum:
where is it found?
between the two pleura sacs (between the two lungs)
the median region of the thorax
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Anterior Border of the Superior Mediastinum
the manubrium
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Posterior Border of the Superior Mediastinum
T1 - T4
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Inferior Border of the superior Mediastinum
Plane thru the Sternal Angle of Louis & T4/T5 vertebrae
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Superior Border of the Superior Mediastinum
Thoracic Inlet
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Lateral Border of the Superor Mediastinum
Lungs
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Anterior Border of the Inferior Mediastinum
Body of the sternum
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Posterior Border of the Inferior Mediastinum
T5-T12
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Inferior Border of the Inferior Mediastinum
The Diaphragm
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Superior Border of the Inferior Mediastinum
Plane thru Sternal Angle of Louis and T4/T5 Vertebrae
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Lateral border of the Inferior Mediastinum
The lungs
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Anterior Border of the Anterior Mediastinum
body of the sternum
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Posterior Border of the Anterior Mediastinum
Anterior wall of the pericardium
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Anterior Border of the Middle Mediastinum
Anterior wall of the pericardium
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Posterior Border of the Middle mediastinum
posterior wall of the pericardium
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Anterior Border of the Posterior Mediastinum
posterior wall of the pericardium
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Posterior Border of the Posterior Mediastinum
T5-T12
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subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum
1) posterior mediastinum
2) middle mediastinum
3) anterior mediastinum
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Components of the Superior Mediastinum
- 1) thymus
- 2) large vein and arteries
- 3) arch of the aorta
- 4) trachea
- 5) esophagus
- 6) thoracic duct
- 7) sympathetic trunk
- 8) phrenic nerves
- 9) vagus nerves
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Components of Anterior Mediastinum
space between the heart and the sternum
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Components of the Middle Mediastinum
- 1) heart
- 2) pericardium
- 3) phrenic nerves
- 4) vagus nerves
- 5) pulmonary trunk
- 6) superior vena cava
- 7) ascending aorta
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components of the posterior mediastinum
- 1) esophagus
- 2) azygous vein
- 3) thoracic duct
- 4) descending aorta
- 5) symphatic trunk
- 6) phrenic nerves
- 7) vagus nerves
- 8) inferior vena cava
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Functions of the lymphatic systems/ tissue
1) lacteals (lymph vessels from intestines, carry chyle: digested fat: to the blood stream
2) provide protection by destroying/ eliminating bacterial cells, virus cells, foreign antigens, dead/ dying cells
3) collect interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
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Cells of the Lymphatic System
1) monocytes
2) macrophages
3) lymphocytes
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Function of Monocytes and Macrophages
f: clean up the tissues
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Two types of Lymphocytes
1) B - Cells
2) T - Cells
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Function of B cells
f: produce antibodies → become plasma cells
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Antibodies defined
d: protein made by you because of a foreign substance
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Function of T-Cells
f: "killer cells"
attack specific cells
turn into killer T - cells, and T Memory Cells
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Lymph defined:
d: interstitial fluid collected into lymph vessels
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Lymph Vessels pattern
1) lymphatic capillaries
2) Afferent vessel
3) lymph nodes
4) Efferent vessel
5) Trunks
6) Ducts
7) empties into veins
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How many lymphatic ducts are in the body?
2
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what are the lymphatic ducts in the human body?
1) Right Lymphatic Duct
2) Left Lymphatic Duct (THORACIC DUCT)
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Facts about the right lymphatic duct
1) 1/4 of your body drains here
2) dumps into the subclavian vein
3) drains the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right half of the thorax
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Facts about the left lymphatic duct (or the THORACIC DUCT)
1) begins at the citerna chyli (inferior end of the duct) in intestines
2) ascends from abdomen to throrax via the aortic hiatus
3) ascends on the right side of thorax between thoracic aorta and azygous vein
4) crosses left posterior to esophagus (T4-T6)
5) empties near the union of left subclavian vein and the internal jugular veins
6) drains the left side of the head and neck, left upper limb, left thorax, entire lower limb (below the diaphragm)
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Thymus location:
superior mediastinum
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Thymus forms?
Permant T Memory Cells
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Thymus is the site of?
site of differentiation of T-Lymphocytes (T Cells)
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thymus is found in who?
children and adolescents, turns to fascia (connective tissue) in adults
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Function of Lymph Nodes
f: filter fluid from the afferent lymphatic vessels
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lymph nodes are made of:
1) connective tissue
2) lymphocytes
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Found in inner medulla and outer cortex of the lymph nodes
B - Cells
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Central Nervous System is comprised of:
1) brain
2) spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System is comprised of:
1) cranial nerves
2) spinal nerves
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cranial nerves
-how many pair
12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Cranial Nerves
-supply what?
The head and the Neck
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Spinal Nerves
-how many pair
31 pairs of spinal nerves
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two types of Neuroglia in the central nervous system:
1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
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Type of Neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System
1) Schwann Cell
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superficial lymph nodes (palpable)
1) inguinal nodes
2) axillary nodes
3) cervical nodes
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deep group of lymph nodes:
1) Tracheobronchial nodes
2) aortic nodes
3) iliac nodes
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Tracheobronchial Nodes:
near airways, drain thoracic viscera
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Aortic Nodes:
behind the heart, along the aorta
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Iliac Nodes:
drain pelvic organs and lower limb
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lymph nodes have a capsule with _______?
trabeculae
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