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What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
the cell
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Cells come in many sizes and shapes. Why?
form follows function
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What structure surrounds the cell and gives it form and separates it from external environment?
plasma membrane
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What portion of the cell lies between the cell membrane and the nucleus?
cytoplasm
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What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
cytosol
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What are the subcellular structures in the cytoplasm that perform specific functions?
organelles
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What structure within the cell contains the genetic material and acts as the control center for the cell?
nucleus
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What are the two primary components of all the cell's membranes?
phospholipids and proteins
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What are proteins in the cell membrane that are only partially embedded on one side of the membrane?
peripheral proteins
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What are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that span the membrane from one side to the other?
integral proteins
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What term describes the constantly moving and changing characteristic of the cell membrane?
fluid-mosaic model
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Through what process may objects outside of a cell be ingested or eaten as false feet (pseudopods) extend around them from the cell?
phagocytosis
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Through what process are objects brought into the cell by the cell membrane forming furrows inward?
endocytosis
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What form of endocytosis is nonspecific?
pinocytosis
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What process of endocytosis is specific to only certain molecules?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Through what process are cellular products secreted into the extracellular environment?
exocytosis
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What cellular organelle is hair-like and beats to move objects?
cilia
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What whip-like organelle propels a sperm?
flagellum
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What immobile, hair-like structures on some cells increase surface area?
microvilli
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What lattice work of microfilaments and microtubules give shape to a cell and allow it to change shape?
cytoskeleton
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What are aggregations of stored chemicals within some cells?
inclusions
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What organelle functions as the digestive system of the cell?
lysosome
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What membrane-enclosed organelle contains several specific enzymes that promote oxidative reactions?
peroxisomes
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What organelle is the power-house of the cell?
mitochondrion
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What is the inner, fluid portion of a mitochondrion?
the matrix
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What are shelves of a mitochondrion?
cristae
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Other than the nucleus, what organelle contains DNA?
mitochondrion
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What organelles are particles that act as the protein-factories of the cell?
ribosomes
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What extensive membranous organelle often appears ribbon-like within the cytoplasm?
endoplasmic reticulum
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What extensive ribbon-like organelle is covered with ribosomes?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What extensive ribbon-like organelle lacks ribosomes and has a wide variety of functions such as detoxification or calcium storage?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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What organelle functions as the packaging system of the cell?
Golgi apparatus (complex)
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What membrane encloses the nucleus?
nuclear membrane (envelope)
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What are openings in the nuclear membrane?
nuclear pores
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What process involves the synthesis of mRNA and thus the copying of the message on DNA?
transcription
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What process involves the synthesis of protein?
translation
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What are all of the genes of an individual or species?
genome
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What are regions of DNA that code for polypeptides?
genes
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What are all the proteins produced by the genome?
proteome
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The DNA within a cell nucleus is combined with protein to form what threadlike material that makes up chromosomes?
chromatin
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What is the copying of information from DNA to mRNA?
transcription
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List the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and note how they pair with one another.
- adenine-thymine (A-T)
- guanine-cytosine (G-C)
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List the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and note how they pair with the bases in RNA.
- DNA-RNA
- adenine-uracil
- guanine-cytosine
- thymine-adenine
- cytosine-guanine
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What type of RNA is formed using DNA as a template?
precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
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What type of RNA results from editing in the nucleus?
messenger RNA (mRNA)
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What type of RNA functions to bring mRNA and tRNA together?
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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What type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes?
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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What are regions of noncoding DNA within a gene?
introns
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What are coding regions of DNA within a gene?
exons
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The human proteome is over 100,000 proteins. The human genome contains about 25,000 genes. What process is largely responsible for producing so many proteins from so few genes?
alternative splicing
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What process prevents specific RNA molecules from being translated?
RNA interference or silencing
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What two types of RNA may take part in RNA interference?
- short interfering RNA (siRNA)
- microRNA (miRNA)
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What is the process of forming proteins from mRNA in the cytoplasm?
genetic translation
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How many bases in DNA code for a single amino acid?
3
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Three bases on DNA which code for a single amino acid are referred to as what?
a triplet
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Three bases on mRNA which code for a single amino acid are referred to as what?
a codon
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The three bases on tRNA which are complements to three bases on mRNA are referred to as what?
an anticodon
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What proteins help a polypeptide chain fold into its correct tertiary structure as it emerges from a ribosome?
chaperones
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Because DNA replication involves the formation of one new strand pairing with one original strand, the process referred to as what?
semiconservative
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The cell cycle has two main parts. In which of these is the resting?
interphase
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The cell cycle has two main parts. In which of these is the cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells?
mitotic phase
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In what portion of interphase is DNA replicated?
S phase
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What portion of interphase immediately follows mitosis?
G1
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What portion of interphase immediately proceeds mitosis?
G2
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What are genes that contribute to cancer called?
oncogenes
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What are normal genes that can mutate into genes that contribute to cancer?
proto-oncogenes
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What type of genes inhibit the development of cancer?
tumor suppressor-genes
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What is death of a portion of tissue differentially affected by local injury (as loss of blood supply, corrosion, burning, or the local lesion of a disease)?
necrosis
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What is programmed cell death?
apoptosis
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What is cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells?
mitosis
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What are the functions of mitosis?
- growth
- cell replacement
- wound healing
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What is cell division that results in unique, haploid daughter cells?
meiosis
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Where in the body does meiosis occur?
the gonads
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What are the functions of meiosis?
- to maintain the correct number of chromosome at conception
- to produce variation
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How is variation produced during meiosis?
- independent assortment of chromosomes
- crossing over
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