biochem

• pro, gly, ala, val, leu, ile
• proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine
• PGAVIL "pros like PGAville, no water hazards"

• phe, tyr, trp
• phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

tpt smells "trailer park trash smells"

• met, cys
• methionine, cysteine
• mc sulfur "one of my favorite rappers, mc sulfur"

• asp, glu
• aspartate, glutamate
• acid forms: aspartic acid, glutamic acid

• his, lys, arg
• histidine, lysine, arginine
• "his lies are basic"

• ser, thr, asn, gln
• serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine
• "a relaxed polar stag"

• ser, thr, tyr
• serine, threonine, tyrosine
• "SETHs Tys are energetic"

-1, COOH group ionized to COO-

+1, NH2 group ionized to NH3+

• gly
• glycine

• disulfide bonds between cys residues (which are covalent linkages and require a reducing agent to break)
• cysteine

gly and pro

ser,asp,asn- interfering H bonds

ile, val- steric effect

gly- must be every 3rd residue and allows the very tight winding of the 3 alpha helix strand

hyp (hydroxyproline)- allows for extensive hydrogen bonding between the chains

note: can also contain modified AA; hydroxylysine

hydrophobic interaction between ampiphilic and aromatic AA

ionic interactions between 2 charged side chains, one acidic one basic

chaperonins

ser and thr

asn

pro

• pH= 7.35-7.45
• ]HCO3]= 24 mM
• [CO2]= 1.2mM= 40 mmHg

C=O located on C1

C=O located on C2

• D- sugars (OH on right)
• determined by the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl C.

aldose: D-glycerldehyde, all other sugars can be synthesized from this molecule


ketone: dihydroxyacetone

• # of steroisomers= 2^n
• n= # assymetric carbons

• differ in configuration about a single chiral carbon
• a type of stereomer

aldehyde + R-OH = hemiacetal HO-C-O-R (where C is the anomeric C)

sugars with hemiacetal groups can act as reducing sugars. free OH on the anomeric carbon is essential

ketone + R-OH = hemiketal

• the new chiral center formed from the carbonyl C in cyclization of a sugar
• -it has the free OH group that can participate in redox reactions

change in optical rotation as an equilibrium mixture of anomers ocurs

• bond between anomeric C of CHO and some other group or molecule
• O= O-glycosidic
• N= N-glycosidic

• -must have free OH on anomeric C(H2OC-O)
• - ketose sugars, glucose, fructose
• -sucrose is NOT a reducing sugar

> 1000 glucopyranose molecules linked by alpha(1-4) glycosidic linkages

alpha(1-4) linkages are flexible allowing coiling

similar to amylose, but has alpha(1-6) branches every 24-30 glucose molecules

mjor constituent in starch

very similar to amylopectin but with branches every 8-12 glucose units

• has beta-glycosidic bonds, humans lack the enzymes to break this linkage, therefor cannot metabolize cellulose
• the beta bonds greatly increase the stability of the chains

OH groups can be easily phosphoylated, not just on anomeric C

• HC chain with COOH at one end
• always an even number of C

his

• tyr
• tyrosine, because of its ring

pro- hydroxyproline

lys- hydroxylysine

ser, thr

• INTRAmolecular H bonding, straight
• -has poles due to H bonds(+N...OH-)

side groups pointing out

gly and proline DESTABALIZE

• INTERmolecular H bonding
• perpendicular H bonding
• antiparrallel arrangement is more stable

prolyl hydroxylase

vit c is a cofactor

• segments within a peptides tertiary structure that can have biological function
• ie, active site of an enzyme, allosteric site

ER

- rigid beta-beta linkage

- flexible alpha-alpha linkage

• same formula, different name
• -2-methylpentane v 3-methylpentane

• - same formula, same name except prefix
• - cis v trans

- rotated molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image

• - identical properties
• - only way to differentiate is how they bend polarized light (L= CCW, D=CW)

• two optical isomers that differ i configuration arounf one chiral carbon
• -type of diastereomer

• -hydrolyzed to methanol which is the oxidized into formaldehyde, which is toxic to the optic nerve
• -short dipeptide AA- Asp-Phe-OMe

• -pro- no H for bonding
• -gly- too much rotation
• - ser,asp,asn- interfering H bonds
• - ile, val- steric effect

• alpha keratin in mammals
• -fibrous, insoluble, strength based on number of disulfide bonds(via cys)

• collagen
• - most abundant protein in humans