Anatomy Exam 1

type of hyelin cartilage thats covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints

connect ribs to the sternum

"around the cartilage"; a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the external surface of cartilages

resists outward expansions when cartilage is subjected to pressure; functions in growth and repair

hyaline, eleastic, fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes, lacuna

hyaline

collagen fibrils

the gelatiouns ground substance holds large amounts of water

flexibility and resistance

elastic fibers and collagen fibrils

thick collagen fibers

appositional growth, interstitial growth

"growth from the outside"; chondroblasts in perichondrium actively secrete matrix

"growth from within"; chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation and energy storage, energy metabolism

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tiny crystals of mineral salts (calcium phosphate) pack in and around collagen fibrils in matrix

flexibility and tensile strength

osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts

cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix: ground substance and collagen fibers

osteoblasts that are surrounded by cell matrix and no longer produce osteoid

the bone matrix; secreted by osetoblasts

cells resposible for resorption of the bone by secreting hydochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

calcium, phosphate.

long, short, flat, irregular

longer than they are wide; have shaft and two distinct ends

roughly cube-shaped

thin, flattened, and usually somewhat curved

various shapes; do not fit into other categories

dense, smooth outer layer of bone

also called trabecular bone; honeycomb of trabeculae

small needle-like or flat pieces in spongy bone

shaft

bone ends

articular cartilage

lies between diaphysis and epiphysis. remnant of epiphyseal plate

skeleton

the main vessels seving the diaphysis; run through the nutrient foramen

the epiphyseal arteries and veins

marrow cavity; very center of long bone that contains no bone tissue

connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except where articular cartilage occurs at the end of epiphyses

superficial layer of dense irregular connective tissue, deep layer containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

perforating fibers; "Sharpey's fibers"

"Sharpey's fibers"; thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix

• thin connective tissue membrane covering the trabeculae and lining central canals of osteons;
• also osteogenic like periostreum

short, flat, and irregular bones

the internal spongy bone of flat bones

large rounded projection; may be roughened

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

• very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
• only examples are the femur

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

small rounded projection or process

raised area on or above a condyle

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

any bony prominence

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

round or oval opening through a bone

furrow

Narrow, slitlike opening

indentation at the edge of a structure

shallow,basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

canal-like passageway

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

osteon; important structural component of long bone; a group of concentric tubes resembling rings of a tree trunk; run parallel to long axis of the bone

a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction

central canal; a canal that runs through the core of each osteon

osteogenic endosteum

blood vessels and nerve fibers

the inner surface of the osteon, thus decreasing the diameter of the central canal

Volksmann's canals; lie ar right angles to the central canals; connect nerve and blood supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity.

thin tubes called canaliculi

nutrients diffuse from capillaries in central canal and diffuse across gap junctions formed by neighboring osteocytes through canaliculi

groups of incomplete lamellae that lie between the osteons; are the remains of old osteons that have been cut by bone remodeling

lamellae that extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis; effectively resist twisting of the entire long bone

From capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula via connections through the canaliculi

osteogenesis and ossification

bones that develop via intramembranous ossification

cartilage replacement bones; bone that starts out as hyelin cartilage and is replaced through endochondral ossification

most of the skull bones, except some at the base, and the clavicle

the formation of bones from mesenchymal cells that cluster within the connective tissue membrane and secrete osteoid

random network of trabeculae created when new bone tissue forms between embryonic blood vessels

movement that increase the angle the angle of the parts of the joint

movement towards the axis or midline of the body

movement away from the axis or midline of the body

a turning inward, as the ankle

a turning outward, as the ankle

with the ankle, the superior surface of the foot approaches the shin

with the ankle extension of the foot, pointing the toes

placement of a body part so that the anterior surface is superior

placement of a body part so that the posterior surface is superior

the distal end of the body part describes a circle. but the bone does not rotate

a body part moves posteriorly in a horizontal plane

a body part moves anteriorly in a horizontal plane

moves a body part superiorly

moves a body part inferiorly

moves the vertebral column in a lateral direction (to the side)

head

neck

chest

the arm from the shoulder to the elbow

the forearm

the front of the elbow

wrist

the anterior pelvis

the groin

lower back

buttocks

thigh

kneecap

the leg from the knee to the ankle

the ankle

sole of foot

"deep to the cartilage"

right hypochondriac region; contains liver and gallbladder

epigastric region; contains the stomach

left hypochondriac region; contains the diaphragm and spleen

right lumbar region; contains the ascending colon of the large intestine

umbilical region; contains the small intestine and traverse colon of the large intestine

left lumbar region; contains the descending colon of the large intestine

right iliac (inguinal) region; contains the cecum and appendix

hypogastric (pubic) region; contains the urinary bladder

left iliac (inguinal) region; contains the intial part of sigmoid colon

(inguinal) pertaining to the groin region

"superior to the belly"

"inferior to the belly"

the outermost layer, surrounds the ventral body cavity; pertaining to the walls of a cavity

the innermost layer, surrounds of organs of the ventral body cavity; pertaining to the organs and structures within the ventral body cavity and to all smooth muscle and glands throughout the body

serous membrane that lines the interior of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the surfaces of the organs in this cavity

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity in the thorax and covers the external surface of the lung

double-layered sac that encloses the heart and forms its superficial layer

region of trunk superficial to the pelvic diaphragm and bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally. contains anus, vulva, and scrotum

navel; belly button

region of thoracic cavity between the lungs; contains the heart, thoracic aorta, esophagus, and other structures

Prefix taken from the Greek that means "on, upon, at, by, near, over, on top of, toward, against, among."

under, beneath, lacking

stomach, belly

From the Greek "osteon", bone

cartilage

above, excessive

around

the study of (normal) tissue

the study of the disease state and abnormal tissue

"womb"; nonliving intercellular fluid secreted by tissue cells

study of the structure of the human body

structural and functional component of life. we have 60-100 trillion cells

an aggregation of similar cells that perform a common function

an aggregate of tissue types that perform a specific function

various organs that have similar or related functions

above

below

pertaining to the front of the body

pertaining to the back of the body

towards the chest or belly

towards the back

toward the midline of the body

away from the midline of the body

toward the trunk of the body

away from the trunk of the body

on the same side

on the opposite side

movement that decreases the angle of the parts of the joint

Doesn't King Phillip Come Over For Good Sex

cellular level

tissue level

organ level; usally primary and secondary tissue, but organ will have all four tissues

system level - circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine

frontal plane; lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

horizontal plane/cross section; runs horizontally from right to left; divides body into superior and inferior parts

vertical; divide body into left and right parts

specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline; midsagittal plane

sagittal planes that are ofset from the midline

cuts along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical

Dorsal body cavity, and ventral body cavity (contains visceral organs, or viscera)

cranial cavity, and vertebral cavity

contains the brain

contains the spinal cord

divided by diaphragm; thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity

(1) two lateral, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity; (2) central bands of organs called mediastinum, contains heart surrounded by (3) pericardial cavity

• abdomincal cavity - superior, contains liver, stomach, kidneys, etc
• pelvic cavity - inferior, contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

peritoneal cavity

folds of peritoneum that extend from the stomach

double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum

the dorsal body cavity

zonula occludens, desmosomes, gap junctions

tight junctions; protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together, forming impermeable barrier

anchoring junctions; mechanical couplings like rivets along sides of adjecent cells. found in tissues under mechanical stress.

allow chemicals to pass between adjacent cells; passage helps to sunchronize cells; found in heart and smooth muscle

the study of the microscopic appearance of cells, especially for the diagnosis of abnormalities and malignancies

a layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue; consists of both a basal lamina & a network of reticular fibers

the material that lies between the cells in connective tissues; consists of fibers, ground substance, & tissue fluid

a primary tissue that covers body surfaces & lines body cavities; cells are arranged in sheets; also forms glands.

consists of two or more cell layers stacked on each other. Found where protection is important.

stratified cells regenerate from the basal layer and push apically as they mature

a single cell layer; thin; concerned w/absorption, filtration, and secretion.

Pertaining to an epithelium that appears to be stratified but is not; cells very in height but all touch the base of the epithelium.

flat, platelike; pertaining to flat epithelial cells that are wider than they are tall.

cells of its basal layer are cuboidal or columnar, while the apical cells vary in appearance from rounded to flattened depending on the distention of the organ

a simple squamous epithelium that makes up a serous membrane

simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

whiplike, highly motile extensions of the apical surface membranes of certain epithelial cells

up

exocrine gland cell that secretes a watery product containing digestive enzymes; saliva, containing amylase

consists of mesothelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; line the closed pleural, perocardial, and peritonial cavities

secrete glycoproteins (larger protein attached to carb) called mucin that absorb water to form a slippery mucus.

some of the cytoplasm of the cell becomes the secretory product, ex. milk production by lactiferous glands

secretory vesicles are discharged; goblet cells

entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and the cell dies as the secretion is released; ex. sebaceous hair glands

gland shape; gland resembles a flask

secretory cells form tubes

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelia cells

ducts do not branch; only one generation of ducts

branching ducts

immature or active cells; bud, germ blastocyte, undifferentiated embryonic cell

mature; cells in quiescent state

cells that remodel or break down connective tissue

stem cells that can produce daughter cells that are fibroblasts, macrophages, or other CT cells

msot abundant fixed cell in connective tissue proper. elongate or stellate - are responsible for productions and maintenance of CT fibers

protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers; secrete hyaluronan

layers of fibrous connective tissue that cover and seperate muscles and other structures; superficial fascia is the fatty hypodermis of the skin

contain collagen which is flexible, but very strong; long, straight, and unbranched; each fiber contains three fibrous proteins that are wound together like a rope

thick, whitish gray fibers; strongest and most abundant; bundles of thinner collagen fibrils; CT fiber

bundles of special type of collagen; form a delicate latticework or reticulum by branching; individual fibers glide freely across each other; CT fiber

common in lymphatic glands; coat capillaries; form basement membrane of epithelia

contain rubberlike protein elastin; able to coil back to original form after being stretched; CT fiber

red blood cell; when mature, is literally sac of hemoglobin covered by plasma membrane

white blood cell; 5 types, all involved in the defense against disease

large amoeboid cells that are scattered among CT fibers; phagoctyosize damaged cells or pathogens; when stimulated release chemicals that initiate inflammatory response and attract large number of wandering cells

small CT cells often clustered around blood vessels; have secretory histamine granules, also produce heparin

anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting in blood vessel; produced by mast cells

cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

dense regular connective tissue that connect bone to bone across articulations

joint

fatty

fat cells or adipose cells; typical cell contains single enormous liquid droplet; squeezes organelles and nucleus to one side

mature form of cartilage cell

dense regular connective tissue; densely packed, parallel collagen fibers; run parallel to directions of applied force; also called white fibrous CT

dense irregular connective tissue; large amounts of densely packed, interwoven collagen fibers that provide tensile strength in any direction; also called white fibrous CT

much of space is occupied by ground substance; 3 types: adipose, reticular, areolar

contains CT cells, extracellular protein fibers, and abundant ground substance; functions in support, holding of tissue fluid, and protection from disease

closely packed by very fine collagen fibers; somewhat flexible, so weakest; supports and reinforces; resists compressive stress.

connections between ribs and sternum; supporting cartilage along respiratory tract; covering articular surfaces within within synovial joints like elbow or knee

matrix is reinforced by numerous interwoven, collagen fibers; strong and able to absorbe shock; found between vertebrae and in menisci of the knee

similar to hyaline, except it has abundant elastic fibers that make it very flexible w/o compromising strength

outer ear, portions of the larynx, auditory canal

protection, sensory reception, diffusion; secretion; absorption; ion transport; filtration; form slipper surfaces

found where filtration or exchange is priority; filtrations capsules of kidneys; air sacs in lung

found where secretion and absorption are important; glands, kidneys tubules

found where absorption and secretion are important; stomach, intestinal tract

secrete or absorb substances; found along msot of the respiratory tract

become progressively flattened as they mature apically; forms epidermis; mouth; tongue; pharynx; esophagus; rectum; vagina

uncommon; found in larger ducts of some glands: mammary, sweat, salivary

uncommon, found in male urethra

cells of basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; apical cells vary in appearance from rounded to flattened depending on distension of organ

composed of closely packed cells; polarity; innervated; avascular; regenerate rapidly, have basement membrane

mucoid, serous, mixed endocrine glands

contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions, one serous and one mucous; ex. submandibular gland

(1) establish structural framework for body; (2) transport fluids and dissolved materia; (3) provide protection for organs; (4) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types; (5) storing energy reserves; (6) defending body from invasion by MOs

fat, cartilage, bone, blood

CT proper; supporting CT; Fluid CT

Loose CT; dense CT

cartilage; bone

adipose, reticular, areolar

regular, irregular, elastic

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

compact, spongy

cartilage and bone

blood and lymph

gel-like matrix, very sparse; closely packed adipocytes

reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

gel-like matrix; network of reticular fibers; reticular cells lie on network

CT proper, loose CT; gel-like matrix w/mostly collagen, reticular, & elastic fibers. also has mostly fibroblasts, but also macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

wraps and cushions organs; seperates skin from deeper structures; macrophages phagocytize bacteria; inflames by taking in fluid; holds & conveys tissue fluid; cushions shock

under epithelia; forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs, surrounds capillaries

under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys & eyeballs; w/in abdomen; in breasts

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

relatively few cells, lots of extracellular matrix; matrix composed of ground substance and fibers; embryonic origin

dense regular CT containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

allows recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs

walls of large arteries; w/in certain ligaments associated w/vertebral column; walls of bronchial tubes

bone; hard, calcified matrix containg collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacuna; well vascularized

embryonic connective tissue;gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesechymal cells; give rise to all other connective tissue types

tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, elestic connective tissue

dermis of skin; submucosa of GI tract; fibrous capsules of joints and organs

cells or formed elements suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma); include erthrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

matrix is interstitial fluid (mainly fluid that has left vascular system and needs to return to it); cells are mainly lymphocytes (type of WBC)

skin

"on the skin"; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains keratinocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells, melanocytes

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum; stratum lucidum; stratum corneum

2nd major region of skin; much thicker than epidermis;

not part of skin; binds dermis to underlying organs

deepest layer of eidermis; attached to dermis

keratinocytes; melanocytes; Merkel cells; Langerhans cells

collective name for stratum basale and stratum spinosum b/c both layers have germinating cells

2nd layer from bottom; several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; friction at surface results in additional mitotic activity and in a callus; named for spinelike extensions of cells on slides

3rd layer from bottom; 1 - 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes; contain pre-keratine intermediate filaments, keratohylin granules, and lamellated granules; last layer able to receive nutrients from dermal capillaries

4th layer from bottom, if present; clear, thin layer of flat, dead, keratinocytes; occurs only in thick skin; aka transitional zone;

most superficial layer; aka horny layer; 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes completely filled with keratin (sacs); thicker plasma membrane; protect from abrasion and penetration; glycolipids in between cells makes layer waterproof

specialized keratin producing cells; as cells are pushed superficially nuclei degenerate and keratin completely dominates the cell; also produce antibiotics and enzymes.

touch fibrous protein that gives epidermis its protective properties

sensory cells aiding in touch reception

skin condition in which there is a loss of brown color (pigment) from areas of skin, resulting in irregular white patches that feel like normal skin; immune cells destroy the melanocytes

sweat glands; typically for cooling and secretion of wastes; are merocrine or apocrine

oil glands that secrete sebum onto shaft of hair root; lubricates and waterproofs stratus corneum; holocrine glands; regulated by sex hormones; can cause acne if hyperactive

secrete cerumen (earwax); found only in external auditory canal; keeps tympanic membrane (ear drum) pliable

"melanin cells"; spider-shaped; makes then transfer melanin to keratinocytes through "spider-legs";

protective macrophages

provides "glue" to embed pre-keratin intermediate filaments in keratin

contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular space; slows water loss through epidermis; located in stratum granulosum

aka eccrine glands; widely distributed over skin - forehead, back, palms, and soles; function in evaporative cooling

much larger cells than merocrine cells; found in axillary and pubic regions, and secrete into hair follicles; don't function until puberty

papillary and reticular

superficial 20% of dermis; areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers; includes dermal papillae

dense irregular CT w/extracellular matrix consisting of thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers; deeper and thicker than papillary layer

• (1) protection
• (2) body temp regulation
• (3) excretion
• (4) production of vitamin D
• (5) sensory reception

heat is given off through rich capillary networks (subpapillary plexus) and sweat glands prevent overheating b/c sweat cools the skin as it evaporates

UV light is needed for the synthesis of Vitamin D, which helps regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism

elastic and collagen fibers are arranged in patterns; seperations or less dense regions of collagen bundles form lines of tension; incisions made across these lines tend to heal more readily

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dermal plexus (deep), and the subpapillary plexus (superficial)

network of converging and diverging blood vessels located between the hypodermis and dermis

network of converging and diverging blood vessels located just below the dermal papillae; functions in temperature regulation

when internal organs needs more blood or heat, these vessels constrict and send more blood into the body; when it is hot, dermal vessels engorge with blood and radiate heat away from it

stretch marks; occur when collagen in dermis is torn due to pregnancy or obesity; results in silvery white scars

"below the skin"; aka superficial fascia; consists of both areolar and adipose (predominates) CT

stores fat and connects anchors skin to underlying structures, like muscles; also an insulator

Red and white blood cells are produced from stem cells within red marrow; ~ 2.5 million RBC's are produced every second

meta-"beyond"; radiate distally from wrist, off carpals, to form palm of hand

radiate distally from ankle off the tarsals; enlarged head of first metatarsal forms ball of foot

miniature long bones contained in the fingers; each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges; proximal, middle, distal

additional bones that develop in tendons in response to stress across a joint

part of the long bone that contains the epiphyseal plate and grows during childhood; in adulthood it ossifies into solid bone

remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling

Haversian system; long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

lie at right angles to the central canals and connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

skull, bones of thorax, & vertebral column, including sacrum and coccyx

immovable joints; mostly axial skeleton

slightly movable joints; mostly axial skeleton

freely movable joints; predominate in limbs

adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers; dense regular connective tissue

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

"seams"; bones are tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue

found only in flat bones of the skull

closed sutures; during middle age, the fibrous tissue of sutures ossifies and the skull bones fuse together.

bones are connected exclusively by ligaments = bands of fibrous tissue that are longer that sutures; amount of movement depends on length of fibers

peg-in-socket joint; only ex is atriculation of tooth with its socket; connecting ligament is short periodontal ligament

articulating joints are united by cartilage; lack joint cavity and are not highly movable

synchrodroses and symphyses

joint where hyaline cartilage unites joints; ex epiphyseal plates, and joint between first rib's costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum

A joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones; ex. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

the most movable joints in body; all are diathroses; each joint contains fluid-filled joint cavity

ends of opposing bones are covered by articular cartilage composed of hyaline cartilage; abosrbs compressive forces

potential space that holds small amount of synovial fluid; unique to synovial joints

two-layered articular capsule enclosing the joint capsule; outer layer is fibrous capsule of dense irregular CT continuous with periosteum; inner layer is synovial membrane = loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid

viscous liquid inside the joint capsule; filtrate of blood w/special glycoproteins

bandlike ligaments that reinforce and strengthen some synovial joints

aynovial joints are richly supplied w/ sensory nerve fibers thar innervate articular capsule

meniscus; disc of fibrocartilage; extends internally from the capsule or completely divides the joint cavity in two

"purse"; flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane; occur where bones and ligaments overlie each other and rub together

an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon; only occur on tendons that are subjected to friction

when pressure is placed on articular cartilage, synovial fluid rushes out; when pressure cease, the synovial fluid rushes back in to the cartilage

increasing or decreasing angle between two bones

articular surfaces are flat planes;

cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface; uniaxial

rounded end of one bone fits into a ring that is formed by another bone plus encircling ligament

"kuckle-like"; egg-shapped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity; biaxial

each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like saddle. allows for opposition of thumb

spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; multiaxial joints

constant, low level of contractile force generated by a msucle even when its not causing movement

saddle joint; anterior & posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, and costoclavicular ligament surround joint

jew joint; modified hinge joint

patellar, continuation of ligament from quadriceps femoris); medial patellar retinacula; lateral patellar retinacula

extracapsular; lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of head of fibia

extracapsular; miedal epicondyle of femur to medial meniscus and miedalcondyle of tibia and medial tibial shaft

oblique popliteal and arcuate popliteal ligaments

anterior cruciate (anterior tibia to medial posterior femur) and posterior cruciate ligament (posterior tibia to lateral anterior femur)

2 c-shaped fibrocartilage pads between the femoral and tibial condyles

inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by blow or friction; treated w/injected antiinflammatories and/or needle aspiration bc excessive fluid accumulation

inflammation of tendon sheaths; typically from overuse

over 100 different types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases; pain, stiffness, swelling of joint

most common arthritis; chronic degenerative condition

chronic inflammatory disorder; autoimmune disease, attacks synovial membranes

excess uric acid crystalizes in soft tissues of joints and triggers inflammatory response