stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
osteoblasts
cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix: ground substance and collagen fibers
osteocytes
osteoblasts that are surrounded by cell matrix and no longer produce osteoid
osteoid
the bone matrix; secreted by osetoblasts
osteoclasts
cells resposible for resorption of the bone by secreting hydochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
What are the most important minerals stored in the bone?
calcium, phosphate.
4 different bone shapes:
long, short, flat, irregular
characteristics of long bones
longer than they are wide; have shaft and two distinct ends
Characteristics of short bones:
roughly cube-shaped
characteristic of flat bones:
thin, flattened, and usually somewhat curved
Characteristics of short bones:
various shapes; do not fit into other categories
compact bone
dense, smooth outer layer of bone
spongy bone
also called trabecular bone; honeycomb of trabeculae
trabeculae
small needle-like or flat pieces in spongy bone
Long bone: diaphysis
shaft
long bone: epiphysis
bone ends
epiphysis are covered with thin layer of:
articular cartilage
epiphyseal line
lies between diaphysis and epiphysis. remnant of epiphyseal plate
At any given time, 3% - 11% of the blood is in the:
skeleton
The nutrient artery and the nutrient vein are:
the main vessels seving the diaphysis; run through the nutrient foramen
the epiphyses obtain nutrients via:
the epiphyseal arteries and veins
medullary cavity
marrow cavity; very center of long bone that contains no bone tissue
periostreum
connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except where articular cartilage occurs at the end of epiphyses
periosteal membrane has two layers:
superficial layer of dense irregular connective tissue, deep layer containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The periostreum membrane is secured to the underlying bone by:
perforating fibers; "Sharpey's fibers"
Perforating fibers
"Sharpey's fibers"; thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix
endosteum
thin connective tissue membrane covering the trabeculae and lining central canals of osteons;
also osteogenic like periostreum
no marrow cavity is present in:
short, flat, and irregular bones
diploe
the internal spongy bone of flat bones
tuberosity
large rounded projection; may be roughened
crest
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
trochanter
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
only examples are the femur
line
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
tubercle
small rounded projection or process
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
process
any bony prominence
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
condyle
rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
groove
furrow
fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
fossa
shallow,basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
meatus
canal-like passageway
sinus
cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Haversian system
osteon; important structural component of long bone; a group of concentric tubes resembling rings of a tree trunk; run parallel to long axis of the bone
lamella
a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction
Haversian canal
central canal; a canal that runs through the core of each osteon
all internal bone cavities are lined by...
osteogenic endosteum
the central canal contains its own...
blood vessels and nerve fibers
lamellae of bone tissue are added to...
the inner surface of the osteon, thus decreasing the diameter of the central canal
Perforating canals
Volksmann's canals; lie ar right angles to the central canals; connect nerve and blood supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity.
The "spider legs" of osteocytes occupy...
thin tubes called canaliculi
How do osteocytes in compact bone get the nutrients they need?
nutrients diffuse from capillaries in central canal and diffuse across gap junctions formed by neighboring osteocytes through canaliculi
interstitial lamellae
groups of incomplete lamellae that lie between the osteons; are the remains of old osteons that have been cut by bone remodeling
circumfrential lamellae
lamellae that extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis; effectively resist twisting of the entire long bone
How do osteocytes in spongy bone receive nutrients?
From capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula via connections through the canaliculi
2 names for bone tissue formation
osteogenesis and ossification
membrane bones
bones that develop via intramembranous ossification
endochondral bones
cartilage replacement bones; bone that starts out as hyelin cartilage and is replaced through endochondral ossification
what bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
most of the skull bones, except some at the base, and the clavicle
intramembranous ossification
the formation of bones from mesenchymal cells that cluster within the connective tissue membrane and secrete osteoid
woven bone tissue
random network of trabeculae created when new bone tissue forms between embryonic blood vessels
extension
movement that increase the angle the angle of the parts of the joint
adduction
movement towards the axis or midline of the body
abduction
movement away from the axis or midline of the body
inversion
a turning inward, as the ankle
eversion
a turning outward, as the ankle
dorsiflexion
with the ankle, the superior surface of the foot approaches the shin
plantar flexion
with the ankle extension of the foot, pointing the toes
supination
placement of a body part so that the anterior surface is superior
pronation
placement of a body part so that the posterior surface is superior
circumduction
the distal end of the body part describes a circle. but the bone does not rotate
retraction
a body part moves posteriorly in a horizontal plane
protraction
a body part moves anteriorly in a horizontal plane
elevation
moves a body part superiorly
depression
moves a body part inferiorly
lateral flexion
moves the vertebral column in a lateral direction (to the side)
cephalic region
head
cervical region
neck
thoracic region
chest
brachium region
the arm from the shoulder to the elbow
antebrachium
the forearm
antecubital
the front of the elbow
carpus
wrist
pubis
the anterior pelvis
inguinal
the groin
lumbar
lower back
gluteus
buttocks
femur
thigh
patella
kneecap
crus
the leg from the knee to the ankle
talus
the ankle
plantar
sole of foot
hypochondriac
"deep to the cartilage"
abdominal region #1
right hypochondriac region; contains liver and gallbladder
abdominal region #2
epigastric region; contains the stomach
abdominal region #3
left hypochondriac region; contains the diaphragm and spleen
abdominal region #4
right lumbar region; contains the ascending colon of the large intestine
abdominal region #5
umbilical region; contains the small intestine and traverse colon of the large intestine
abdominal region #6
left lumbar region; contains the descending colon of the large intestine
abdominal region #7
right iliac (inguinal) region; contains the cecum and appendix
abdominal region #8
hypogastric (pubic) region; contains the urinary bladder
abdominal region #9
left iliac (inguinal) region; contains the intial part of sigmoid colon
iliac
(inguinal) pertaining to the groin region
epigastric
"superior to the belly"
hypogastric
"inferior to the belly"
parietal membrane
the outermost layer, surrounds the ventral body cavity; pertaining to the walls of a cavity
visceral
the innermost layer, surrounds of organs of the ventral body cavity; pertaining to the organs and structures within the ventral body cavity and to all smooth muscle and glands throughout the body
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the interior of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the surfaces of the organs in this cavity
pleura
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity in the thorax and covers the external surface of the lung
pericardium
double-layered sac that encloses the heart and forms its superficial layer
perineum
region of trunk superficial to the pelvic diaphragm and bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally. contains anus, vulva, and scrotum
umbilicus
navel; belly button
mediastinum
region of thoracic cavity between the lungs; contains the heart, thoracic aorta, esophagus, and other structures
epi-
Prefix taken from the Greek that means "on, upon, at, by, near, over, on top of, toward, against, among."
hypo-
under, beneath, lacking
gastro-
stomach, belly
oseto-
From the Greek "osteon", bone
chondro-
cartilage
hyper-
above, excessive
peri-
around
histology
the study of (normal) tissue
pathology
the study of the disease state and abnormal tissue
matrix
"womb"; nonliving intercellular fluid secreted by tissue cells
anatomy
study of the structure of the human body
cell
structural and functional component of life. we have 60-100 trillion cells
tissue
an aggregation of similar cells that perform a common function
organ
an aggregate of tissue types that perform a specific function
organ system
various organs that have similar or related functions
superior
above
inferior
below
anterior
pertaining to the front of the body
posterior
pertaining to the back of the body
ventral
towards the chest or belly
dorsal
towards the back
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
toward the trunk of the body
distal
away from the trunk of the body
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
on the opposite side
flexion
movement that decreases the angle of the parts of the joint
taxonomic classification
Doesn't King Phillip Come Over For Good Sex
smallest level of organization in the human body
cellular level
second level of organization in the human body
tissue level
third level of organization in the human body
organ level; usally primary and secondary tissue, but organ will have all four tissues
highest level of organization in the human body
system level - circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine
coronal plane
frontal plane; lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse plane
horizontal plane/cross section; runs horizontally from right to left; divides body into superior and inferior parts
sagittal plane
vertical; divide body into left and right parts
median plane
specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline; midsagittal plane
parasagittal planes
sagittal planes that are ofset from the midline
oblique sections
cuts along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical
Name the main body cavities
Dorsal body cavity, and ventral body cavity (contains visceral organs, or viscera)
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial cavity, and vertebral cavity
cranial cavity
contains the brain
vertebral cavity
contains the spinal cord
What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
divided by diaphragm; thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity
What are the three parts of the thoracic cavity?
(1) two lateral, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity; (2) central bands of organs called mediastinum, contains heart surrounded by (3) pericardial cavity
What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity and what organs do they contain?
pelvic cavity - inferior, contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by...
peritoneal cavity
What are the greater and lesser omentum?
folds of peritoneum that extend from the stomach
mesenteries
double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum
Which body cavity has no serous membranes?
the dorsal body cavity
What are the three types of intercellular junctions?
zonula occludens, desmosomes, gap junctions
zonula occludens
tight junctions; protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together, forming impermeable barrier
desmosomes
anchoring junctions; mechanical couplings like rivets along sides of adjecent cells. found in tissues under mechanical stress.
gap junctions
allow chemicals to pass between adjacent cells; passage helps to sunchronize cells; found in heart and smooth muscle
cytology
the study of the microscopic appearance of cells, especially for the diagnosis of abnormalities and malignancies
basement membrane
a layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue; consists of both a basal lamina & a network of reticular fibers
matrix
the material that lies between the cells in connective tissues; consists of fibers, ground substance, & tissue fluid
epithelium
a primary tissue that covers body surfaces & lines body cavities; cells are arranged in sheets; also forms glands.
stratified
consists of two or more cell layers stacked on each other. Found where protection is important.
How do stratified cells regenerate?
stratified cells regenerate from the basal layer and push apically as they mature
simple (tissue)
a single cell layer; thin; concerned w/absorption, filtration, and secretion.
pseudostratified
Pertaining to an epithelium that appears to be stratified but is not; cells very in height but all touch the base of the epithelium.
squamous
flat, platelike; pertaining to flat epithelial cells that are wider than they are tall.
transitional epithelium
cells of its basal layer are cuboidal or columnar, while the apical cells vary in appearance from rounded to flattened depending on the distention of the organ
mesothelium
a simple squamous epithelium that makes up a serous membrane
endothelium
simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels
cilia
whiplike, highly motile extensions of the apical surface membranes of certain epithelial cells
apical
up
serous cell
exocrine gland cell that secretes a watery product containing digestive enzymes; saliva, containing amylase
serous membrane
consists of mesothelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; line the closed pleural, perocardial, and peritonial cavities
mucoid
secrete glycoproteins (larger protein attached to carb) called mucin that absorb water to form a slippery mucus.
apocrine secretion
some of the cytoplasm of the cell becomes the secretory product, ex. milk production by lactiferous glands
merocrine secretion
secretory vesicles are discharged; goblet cells
holocrine secretion
entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and the cell dies as the secretion is released; ex. sebaceous hair glands
acinar (alveolar)
gland shape; gland resembles a flask
tubular glands
secretory cells form tubes
microvilli
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelia cells
simple glands
ducts do not branch; only one generation of ducts
compound glands
branching ducts
-blast
immature or active cells; bud, germ blastocyte, undifferentiated embryonic cell
-cyte
mature; cells in quiescent state
-clast
cells that remodel or break down connective tissue
mesenchyme cells
stem cells that can produce daughter cells that are fibroblasts, macrophages, or other CT cells
fibroblast
msot abundant fixed cell in connective tissue proper. elongate or stellate - are responsible for productions and maintenance of CT fibers
fibroblasts manufacture and secrete....
protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers; secrete hyaluronan
fascia
layers of fibrous connective tissue that cover and seperate muscles and other structures; superficial fascia is the fatty hypodermis of the skin
collagenous fibers
contain collagen which is flexible, but very strong; long, straight, and unbranched; each fiber contains three fibrous proteins that are wound together like a rope
collagen
thick, whitish gray fibers; strongest and most abundant; bundles of thinner collagen fibrils; CT fiber
reticular
bundles of special type of collagen; form a delicate latticework or reticulum by branching; individual fibers glide freely across each other; CT fiber
Where can reticular fibers be found?
common in lymphatic glands; coat capillaries; form basement membrane of epithelia
elastic
contain rubberlike protein elastin; able to coil back to original form after being stretched; CT fiber
erythrocytes
red blood cell; when mature, is literally sac of hemoglobin covered by plasma membrane
leukocytes
white blood cell; 5 types, all involved in the defense against disease
macrophages
large amoeboid cells that are scattered among CT fibers; phagoctyosize damaged cells or pathogens; when stimulated release chemicals that initiate inflammatory response and attract large number of wandering cells
mast cells
small CT cells often clustered around blood vessels; have secretory histamine granules, also produce heparin
heparin
anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting in blood vessel; produced by mast cells
tendon
cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
ligament
dense regular connective tissue that connect bone to bone across articulations
articulation
joint
adipose
fatty
adipocytes
fat cells or adipose cells; typical cell contains single enormous liquid droplet; squeezes organelles and nucleus to one side
chondrocytes
mature form of cartilage cell
dense regular fibers
dense regular connective tissue; densely packed, parallel collagen fibers; run parallel to directions of applied force; also called white fibrous CT
dense irregular fibers
dense irregular connective tissue; large amounts of densely packed, interwoven collagen fibers that provide tensile strength in any direction; also called white fibrous CT
loose connective tissue
much of space is occupied by ground substance; 3 types: adipose, reticular, areolar
connective tissue proper
contains CT cells, extracellular protein fibers, and abundant ground substance; functions in support, holding of tissue fluid, and protection from disease
hyaline cartilage
closely packed by very fine collagen fibers; somewhat flexible, so weakest; supports and reinforces; resists compressive stress.
where is hyaline cartilage found?
connections between ribs and sternum; supporting cartilage along respiratory tract; covering articular surfaces within within synovial joints like elbow or knee
fibrocartilage
matrix is reinforced by numerous interwoven, collagen fibers; strong and able to absorbe shock; found between vertebrae and in menisci of the knee
elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline, except it has abundant elastic fibers that make it very flexible w/o compromising strength
where is elastic cartilage found?
outer ear, portions of the larynx, auditory canal
What are functions of epithelial tissue?
protection, sensory reception, diffusion; secretion; absorption; ion transport; filtration; form slipper surfaces
simple squamous epithelia
found where filtration or exchange is priority; filtrations capsules of kidneys; air sacs in lung
simple cuboidal epithelium
found where secretion and absorption are important; glands, kidneys tubules
simple columnar epithelium
found where absorption and secretion are important; stomach, intestinal tract
pseudostratified columnar
secrete or absorb substances; found along msot of the respiratory tract
stratified squamous epithelia
become progressively flattened as they mature apically; forms epidermis; mouth; tongue; pharynx; esophagus; rectum; vagina
stratified cuboidal
uncommon; found in larger ducts of some glands: mammary, sweat, salivary
stratified columnar epithelia
uncommon, found in male urethra
transitional epithelia
cells of basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; apical cells vary in appearance from rounded to flattened depending on distension of organ
6 characteristics of epithelium
composed of closely packed cells; polarity; innervated; avascular; regenerate rapidly, have basement membrane
3 secretion types (glands):
mucoid, serous, mixed endocrine glands
mixed endocrine glands
contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions, one serous and one mucous; ex. submandibular gland
6 functions of CT
(1) establish structural framework for body; (2) transport fluids and dissolved materia; (3) provide protection for organs; (4) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types; (5) storing energy reserves; (6) defending body from invasion by MOs
CT includes:
fat, cartilage, bone, blood
3 subdivisions of CT
CT proper; supporting CT; Fluid CT
subdivisions of CT Proper
Loose CT; dense CT
subdivisions of Supporting CT
cartilage; bone
subdivisions of loose CT
adipose, reticular, areolar
subdivisions of dense CT
regular, irregular, elastic
subdivisions of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
subdivisions of bone
compact, spongy
supporting connective tissue contains:
cartilage and bone
fluid connective tissue contains:
blood and lymph
Adipose tissue
gel-like matrix, very sparse; closely packed adipocytes
functions of adipose tissue
reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
reticular tissue
gel-like matrix; network of reticular fibers; reticular cells lie on network
areolar tissue
CT proper, loose CT; gel-like matrix w/mostly collagen, reticular, & elastic fibers. also has mostly fibroblasts, but also macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
functions of areolar tissue
wraps and cushions organs; seperates skin from deeper structures; macrophages phagocytize bacteria; inflames by taking in fluid; holds & conveys tissue fluid; cushions shock
locations of areolar tissue
under epithelia; forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs, surrounds capillaries
location of adipose tissue
under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys & eyeballs; w/in abdomen; in breasts
location of reticular tissue
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
3 basic histological components of CT
relatively few cells, lots of extracellular matrix; matrix composed of ground substance and fibers; embryonic origin
elastic - dense CT
dense regular CT containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
functions of elastic dense CT tissue
allows recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs
locations of dense elastic CT
walls of large arteries; w/in certain ligaments associated w/vertebral column; walls of bronchial tubes
osseous tissue
bone; hard, calcified matrix containg collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacuna; well vascularized
mesenchymal cells
embryonic connective tissue;gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesechymal cells; give rise to all other connective tissue types
collective name for stratum basale and stratum spinosum b/c both layers have germinating cells
stratum spinosum
2nd layer from bottom; several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; friction at surface results in additional mitotic activity and in a callus; named for spinelike extensions of cells on slides
stratum granulosum
3rd layer from bottom; 1 - 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes; contain pre-keratine intermediate filaments, keratohylin granules, and lamellated granules; last layer able to receive nutrients from dermal capillaries
stratum lucidum
4th layer from bottom, if present; clear, thin layer of flat, dead, keratinocytes; occurs only in thick skin; aka transitional zone;
stratum corneum
most superficial layer; aka horny layer; 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes completely filled with keratin (sacs); thicker plasma membrane; protect from abrasion and penetration; glycolipids in between cells makes layer waterproof
keratinocytes
specialized keratin producing cells; as cells are pushed superficially nuclei degenerate and keratin completely dominates the cell; also produce antibiotics and enzymes.
keratin
touch fibrous protein that gives epidermis its protective properties
merkel cells
sensory cells aiding in touch reception
vitiligo
skin condition in which there is a loss of brown color (pigment) from areas of skin, resulting in irregular white patches that feel like normal skin; immune cells destroy the melanocytes
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands; typically for cooling and secretion of wastes; are merocrine or apocrine
sebaceous
oil glands that secrete sebum onto shaft of hair root; lubricates and waterproofs stratus corneum; holocrine glands; regulated by sex hormones; can cause acne if hyperactive
ceruminous
secrete cerumen (earwax); found only in external auditory canal; keeps tympanic membrane (ear drum) pliable
melanocytes
"melanin cells"; spider-shaped; makes then transfer melanin to keratinocytes through "spider-legs";
langerhans cells
protective macrophages
keratohyalin granules
provides "glue" to embed pre-keratin intermediate filaments in keratin
lamellated granules
contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular space; slows water loss through epidermis; located in stratum granulosum
merocrine cells
aka eccrine glands; widely distributed over skin - forehead, back, palms, and soles; function in evaporative cooling
apocrine cells
much larger cells than merocrine cells; found in axillary and pubic regions, and secrete into hair follicles; don't function until puberty
2 layers of dermis
papillary and reticular
papillary layer of dermis
superficial 20% of dermis; areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers; includes dermal papillae
reticular layer of the dermis
dense irregular CT w/extracellular matrix consisting of thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers; deeper and thicker than papillary layer
5 functions of the skin:
(1) protection
(2) body temp regulation
(3) excretion
(4) production of vitamin D
(5) sensory reception
In general, how does the skin regulate temperature?
heat is given off through rich capillary networks (subpapillary plexus) and sweat glands prevent overheating b/c sweat cools the skin as it evaporates
Why are small amounts of UV light necessary for the body?
UV light is needed for the synthesis of Vitamin D, which helps regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
What are lines of tension?
elastic and collagen fibers are arranged in patterns; seperations or less dense regions of collagen bundles form lines of tension; incisions made across these lines tend to heal more readily
True or False: the dermis is highly vascularized
True
2 vascular plexuses associated with the dermis
dermal plexus (deep), and the subpapillary plexus (superficial)
dermal plexus
network of converging and diverging blood vessels located between the hypodermis and dermis
subpapillary plexus
network of converging and diverging blood vessels located just below the dermal papillae; functions in temperature regulation
How does the subpapillary plexus regulate temperature?
when internal organs needs more blood or heat, these vessels constrict and send more blood into the body; when it is hot, dermal vessels engorge with blood and radiate heat away from it
Linea albicans
stretch marks; occur when collagen in dermis is torn due to pregnancy or obesity; results in silvery white scars
hypodermis
"below the skin"; aka superficial fascia; consists of both areolar and adipose (predominates) CT
functions of the hypodermis
stores fat and connects anchors skin to underlying structures, like muscles; also an insulator
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
Red and white blood cells are produced from stem cells within red marrow; ~ 2.5 million RBC's are produced every second
metacarpal
meta-"beyond"; radiate distally from wrist, off carpals, to form palm of hand
metatarsal
radiate distally from ankle off the tarsals; enlarged head of first metatarsal forms ball of foot
phalanges
miniature long bones contained in the fingers; each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges; proximal, middle, distal
sesamoid
additional bones that develop in tendons in response to stress across a joint
metaphysis
part of the long bone that contains the epiphyseal plate and grows during childhood; in adulthood it ossifies into solid bone
interstitial lamellae
remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling
osteon
Haversian system; long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone
perforating canal (Volkmann's canal)
lie at right angles to the central canals and connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity
What are two divisions of the skeleton?
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What bones are located in the axial skeleton?
skull, bones of thorax, & vertebral column, including sacrum and coccyx
synarthroses
immovable joints; mostly axial skeleton
smphiarthroses
slightly movable joints; mostly axial skeleton
diarthroses
freely movable joints; predominate in limbs
fibrous joints
adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers; dense regular connective tissue
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
sutures
"seams"; bones are tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue
locations of sutures
found only in flat bones of the skull
synostoses
closed sutures; during middle age, the fibrous tissue of sutures ossifies and the skull bones fuse together.
syndesmoses
bones are connected exclusively by ligaments = bands of fibrous tissue that are longer that sutures; amount of movement depends on length of fibers
gomphosis
peg-in-socket joint; only ex is atriculation of tooth with its socket; connecting ligament is short periodontal ligament
cartilaginous joints
articulating joints are united by cartilage; lack joint cavity and are not highly movable
2 types of cartilaginous joints
synchrodroses and symphyses
synchrodroses
joint where hyaline cartilage unites joints; ex epiphyseal plates, and joint between first rib's costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum
symphyses
A joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones; ex. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
synovial joints
the most movable joints in body; all are diathroses; each joint contains fluid-filled joint cavity
feature of synovial joints - articular cartilage
ends of opposing bones are covered by articular cartilage composed of hyaline cartilage; abosrbs compressive forces
feature of synovial joints - joint cavity
potential space that holds small amount of synovial fluid; unique to synovial joints
feature of synovial joints - articular capsule
two-layered articular capsule enclosing the joint capsule; outer layer is fibrous capsule of dense irregular CT continuous with periosteum; inner layer is synovial membrane = loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
feature of synovial joints - synovial fluid
viscous liquid inside the joint capsule; filtrate of blood w/special glycoproteins
feature of synovial joints - reinforcing ligaments
bandlike ligaments that reinforce and strengthen some synovial joints
feature of synovial joints - nerves and vessels
aynovial joints are richly supplied w/ sensory nerve fibers thar innervate articular capsule
artilcular disc
meniscus; disc of fibrocartilage; extends internally from the capsule or completely divides the joint cavity in two
bursa
"purse"; flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane; occur where bones and ligaments overlie each other and rub together
tendon sheath
an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon; only occur on tendons that are subjected to friction
weeping lubricant
when pressure is placed on articular cartilage, synovial fluid rushes out; when pressure cease, the synovial fluid rushes back in to the cartilage
angular movements
increasing or decreasing angle between two bones
plane joint
articular surfaces are flat planes;
hinge joints
cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface; uniaxial
pivot joint
rounded end of one bone fits into a ring that is formed by another bone plus encircling ligament
condyloid joint
"kuckle-like"; egg-shapped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity; biaxial
saddle joint
each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like saddle. allows for opposition of thumb
ball-and-socket joint
spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; multiaxial joints
muscle tone
constant, low level of contractile force generated by a msucle even when its not causing movement
patellar, continuation of ligament from quadriceps femoris); medial patellar retinacula; lateral patellar retinacula
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
extracapsular; lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of head of fibia
tibial collateral ligament
extracapsular; miedal epicondyle of femur to medial meniscus and miedalcondyle of tibia and medial tibial shaft
2 extracapsular and capsular knee ligaments
oblique popliteal and arcuate popliteal ligaments
2 intracapsular ligaments
anterior cruciate (anterior tibia to medial posterior femur) and posterior cruciate ligament (posterior tibia to lateral anterior femur)
knee menisci
2 c-shaped fibrocartilage pads between the femoral and tibial condyles
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by blow or friction; treated w/injected antiinflammatories and/or needle aspiration bc excessive fluid accumulation
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths; typically from overuse
arthritis
over 100 different types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases; pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
osteoarthritis
most common arthritis; chronic degenerative condition