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What is psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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Behavior is...
- -Anything an organism does
- -Any action we can observe and record (smile, yell, sweat, talk, etc)
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Mental Processes are...
-Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior, sensations, perseptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.
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What is the science of psychology?
-A way of asking and answering questions relating to human behavior.
-Evaluates competing ideas regarding human behavior using careful observation and rigorous analysis.
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Psychology was not always a science. What did psychology begin with?
Philosophy
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Prescientific Psychology. In India, Buddah pondered...
how sensations and persceptions combined to form ideas.
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In China, Confucius stressed...
the power of ideas and of an educated mind.
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Hebrew scriptures linked...
Mind and emotion to the body
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Socrates & Plato believed that...
- - the mind and body are separate
- - the mind continues to exist after death
- - knowledge is born within us
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Aristotle suggested that...
- - the soul is not seperate from the body
- - knowledge (ideas) grow from experience
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Rene Descartes, like Plato believed in...
soul (mind) body separation but speculated on how the immaterial mind and the physical body communicated.
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Francis Bacon was the fouder of...
modern science, especially the experimental method
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John Locke believed...
that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank sheet at birth and experience writes on it.
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What point of view do we hold today regarding the mind and body?
Monistic- the mind and body are one.
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Modern empiricism is
The view that knowledge originates in experience (Locke) and that science should, therefore, rely on obeservation and experimentation (Bacon).
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Which person/groups held the belief that mind and body are connected?
- - The Hebrews
- - Aristole
- - Augustine
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Which person/groups held the belief that mind and body are distinct or seperate?
- - Socrates
- - Plato
- - Descartes
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Who believed that ideas are inborn?
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Who believed that the mind is a blank slate?
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Who created reation time experiments and the 1st Psychology Laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Bradford Tichener
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What is introspection & who developed this method?
it is looking inward; self relfection. Developed by Tichener.
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Structuralism is...
early school of psychology introduced by Tischener that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
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What is functionalism and who developed it?
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish. (William James)
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Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung emphazised...
the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
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Watson & Skinner studied...
- -overt behavior as a subject matter of scientific psychology.
- -all behavior is as a result of learning
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What is behaviorisim?
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
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Maslow & Rogers emphasized...
current environmental influences on our growth potential and our needs for love and acceptance.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of needs shows that
a person is at their highest potential when they meet all these needs from the bottom to the top. Bottom physiological needs. Top is self-actualization. 
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What are the two largest psychological associations & societies?
- American Psychological Association (APA)- largest
- The British Psychological Society
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What is the debate over Nature VS Nurture?
What is more important, your genetics or your environment?
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Darwin believes that
"survival of the fittest". Nature selects those traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
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What are the three main levels of analysis in the Biopsychosocial Approach?
- Biological Influences
- Psychological Influences
- Social-Cultural Influences
- These three things make up who we are, how we behave and think.
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Psychology's current perspectives...
How different psychologists look at people, their environment, genes, etc.
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Neuroscience psychologists study:
How the body and brain enables emotions.
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Evolutionary psychologists study:
How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes.
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Behavior genetics psychologists study:
How much our genes and our enviroments influence our individual differences.
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Psychodynamic psychologists study:
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
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Behavioral psychologists study:
How we learn observable responses.
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Cognitive psychologists study:
How we encode, process, store and retrieve information.
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Social-Cultural psychologists study:
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
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What are the 5 different subfields in research psychology?
- 1. Biological
- 2. Developmental
- 3. Cognitive
- 4. Personality
- 5. Social
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Which subfield in psychology does the most amount of research?
Developmental
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What are the 3 applied subfields in psychology and which is the largest field?
- 1. Industrial/Organizational
- 2. Counseling
- 3. Clinical
Clinical is the largest.
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