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The flashcards below were created by user
atlborn80
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Define stimulus (and receptor)
- Stimulus – an energy change that affects an
- organism through its receptors
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Receptor – an organism that converts enery
changes in its environment into nerve impulses
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Why does Michael emphasize thenotion of “change” when talking about stimulus?
Because it is often overlook inthe analysis of a more complex phenomenon
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Define response
- The action of an organisms
- effector
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Kinesis
Taxis
Fixed action pattern
Kinesis
- An unlearned functional relation
- between a stimulus condition and the speed of movement irrespective of
- direction
Taxis
- An unlearned functional relation
- between a stimulus and movement toward or away from the stimulus
Fixed action pattern
- An unlearned ridged sequence of
- responses that once started, continues to occur regardless of the effects of
- the separate responses on the environment.
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Learn the example of imprinting on
- Duck will imprint to anything
- medium sized and can be operantly conditioned to move away from the object
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Describe goal-directed behaviors from the perspective of control systemtheory.
- Reference input -Thermostat
- setting
Comparator - Thermostat
Action system - Furnace
Output - Hot air
Actual input - Air temp
Distubance - Open window
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Describe the physiological aspect of reflexive behavior and be able torecognize/recall example of each.
Sensory neurons detect stimuli
- That info travels to the
- interneurons
- Interneurons send the info through
- the spinal cord to the motor neurons which excite the muscle fibers causing a
- reflex
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List the characteristics of a fixed action pattern and describe the role that a sign stimulus plays in this behavior.
- It is a part of the repertoire of
- all members of a species (may be species specific)
- Bx is not the result of prior
- learning
- Bx has a rigid sequence that once
- started, will complete regardless of if it is necessary in the current context
- The sign stimulus initiates a
- Fixed action pattern
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Distinguish Watson’s view regarding innate human abilities with that of Steven Pinker’s view.
- Watson believed there were no
- innate human abilities and that environment was the most impactful in
- determining how people behave
- Pinker believed humans had innate
- abilities such as language and emotional expressions
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Discuss how language and emotion are used as supporting evidence ofinnate abilities in human beings.
All kids babble
- All cultures can correctly
- identify emotions portrayed in pictures
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Distinguish between fixed action patterns and reaction chains and be able to recognize/recall examples of each.
- FAP once initiated will continue
- until completion
- Reaction chains require an
- external stimulus at each step in the sequence to continue until completion
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Distinguish between Brown’s human universals (1991) and innate behavioral characteristics.
- Human universals unlike innate
- bxal characteristics are influenced by learning and may have different
- topographies or physical characteristic but they universally server the same
- function
Dance, music
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Define habituation and identify its characteristics and functions.
- Decrease in strength of response
- after repeated presentations of the stimulus that elicits that response
It is stimulus specific
- Habituation allows organisms to
- disregard unimportant stimuli
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List and describe the 6 general principles of habituation.
- Course of habituation – repeated
- presentations of the stimulus brings large decreases in the response at first
- and smaller decreases there after
- Effect of time -Response will
- recover if stimulus is withheld for some time.
- The longer the absence the larger the response
Relearning effect
- After a period of time without
- the stimulus, habituation upon representation will happen more rapidly
Effect of stimulus intensity
- Habituation occurs slower or not
- at all with intense stimuli
Occurs faster with weak stimuli
Effects of overlearning
- The more presentations of the
- stimulus before the withholding period the and after there is no more
- observable change in Bx the longer the retention of habituation
Stimulus Generalization
- Habituation generalizes to
- similar stimuli
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Describe the opponent-process theory and apply it to the emotional response of a new or repeated stimulus.
Two processes a and b
- A is the initial reaction to stimuli
- which is large
- B kicks in later but stays high
- longer which opposes a and bring emotional state back to baseline
In repeated presentation
- A
- peaks but not as drastic
- B immediately kicks in and has a
- more drastic increase
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Identify the ways in which habituation is studied in human beings.
Pets scans
FMRI
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