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281 Unit 2
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Define stimulus (and receptor)
Stimulus – an energy change that affects an
organism through its receptors
Receptor – an organism that converts enery
changes in its environment into nerve impulses
Why does Michael emphasize thenotion of “change” when talking about stimulus?
Because it is often overlook inthe analysis of a more complex phenomenon
Define response
The action of an organisms
effector
Kinesis
Taxis
Fixed action pattern
Kinesis
An unlearned functional relation
between a stimulus condition and the speed of movement irrespective of
direction
Taxis
An unlearned functional relation
between a stimulus and movement toward or away from the stimulus
Fixed action pattern
An unlearned ridged sequence of
responses that once started, continues to occur regardless of the effects of
the separate responses on the environment.
Learn the example of imprinting on
Duck will imprint to anything
medium sized and can be operantly conditioned to move away from the object
Describe goal-directed behaviors from the perspective of control systemtheory.
Reference input -Thermostat
setting
Comparator - Thermostat
Action system - Furnace
Output - Hot air
Actual input - Air temp
Distubance - Open window
Describe the physiological aspect of reflexive behavior and be able torecognize/recall example of each.
Sensory neurons detect stimuli
That info travels to the
interneurons
Interneurons send the info through
the spinal cord to the motor neurons which excite the muscle fibers causing a
reflex
List the characteristics of a fixed action pattern and describe the role that a sign stimulus plays in this behavior.
It is a part of the repertoire of
all members of a species (may be species specific)
Bx is not the result of prior
learning
Bx has a rigid sequence that once
started, will complete regardless of if it is necessary in the current context
The sign stimulus initiates a
Fixed action pattern
Distinguish Watson’s view regarding innate human abilities with that of Steven Pinker’s view.
Watson believed there were no
innate human abilities and that environment was the most impactful in
determining how people behave
Pinker believed humans had innate
abilities such as language and emotional expressions
Discuss how language and emotion are used as supporting evidence ofinnate abilities in human beings.
All kids babble
All cultures can correctly
identify emotions portrayed in pictures
Distinguish between fixed action patterns and reaction chains and be able to recognize/recall examples of each.
FAP once initiated will continue
until completion
Reaction chains require an
external stimulus at each step in the sequence to continue until completion
Distinguish between Brown’s human universals (1991) and innate behavioral characteristics.
Human universals unlike innate
bxal characteristics are influenced by learning and may have different
topographies or physical characteristic but they universally server the same
function
Dance, music
Define habituation and identify its characteristics and functions.
Decrease in strength of response
after repeated presentations of the stimulus that elicits that response
It is stimulus specific
Habituation allows organisms to
disregard unimportant stimuli
List and describe the 6 general principles of habituation.
Course of habituation – repeated
presentations of the stimulus brings large decreases in the response at first
and smaller decreases there after
Effect of time -Response will
recover if stimulus is withheld for some time.
The longer the absence the larger the response
Relearning effect
After a period of time without
the stimulus, habituation upon representation will happen more rapidly
Effect of stimulus intensity
Habituation occurs slower or not
at all with intense stimuli
Occurs faster with weak stimuli
Effects of overlearning
The more presentations of the
stimulus before the withholding period the and after there is no more
observable change in Bx the longer the retention of habituation
Stimulus Generalization
Habituation generalizes to
similar stimuli
Describe the opponent-process theory and apply it to the emotional response of a new or repeated stimulus.
Two processes a and b
A is the initial reaction to stimuli
which is large
B kicks in later but stays high
longer which opposes a and bring emotional state back to baseline
In repeated presentation
A
peaks but not as drastic
B immediately kicks in and has a
more drastic increase
Identify the ways in which habituation is studied in human beings.
Pets scans
FMRI
Author
atlborn80
ID
101529
Card Set
281 Unit 2
Description
281 Unit 2
Updated
9/14/2011, 12:10:23 AM
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