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-A detailed description of a particular individual based
-careful observation or formal psychological testing
-developmental, longitudinal procedure
- Illustrate psychological principles in a way that abstract generalizations and cold statistics never can
-- Information is often missing or hard to interpret
-- Person may be unrepresentative of the group the researcher is interested in
--time consuming
Case study
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-The researcher observes, measures, and records behavior,
-avoids intruding on the people (or animals) being observed
--cant tell what ppl thk or feel
--cause cannot b conclusively identified
Observational studies
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-Typically require people to answer a series of written or oral questions
-valid
-reliable
-standardized
Tests
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procedures for measuring an evaluation personality traits, emotions, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
Psychological test (assessment instruments)
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inventories, measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors which an individual is aware
Objective tests
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designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives
Projective tests
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uniform procedures exist for giving and scoring the test
Standardized test-
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must produce the same results from one time and place to the next or from one scorer to another
reliable
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by giving the test twice to the same group of people and comparing the two sets of scores statistically
test-retest reliability
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by giving different versions of the same test to the same group on two separate occasions
alternate-forms reliability
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it must measure what it sets out to measure
valid
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If the items broadly represent the trait in question
content validity
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the ability to predict independent measures, or criterion, of the trait in question
criterion validity
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-Questionnaires and interviews that gather information by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions
-Produce bushels of data,
--not easy to do well
Surveys
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-Psychologist often want to know whether two or more phenomena are related
--cant tell cause and effect
--relationships may be coincidental
correlational study
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anything that can be measured, rated, or scored
variables
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high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other
and vice versa
positive correlation
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high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other
negative correlation
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-The statistic used to express a correlation
-this number conveys both the size of the correlations and its direction
coefficient of correlation
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apparent associations between two things that are not really related
illusory correlations
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-allows the researcher to control and manipulate the situation being studied
-formulates cause and effect
--maybe unethical
--may not be natural
experiment
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experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher
independent variable
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the behavior that the researcher tries to predict
dependent variable
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a fake treatment or sugar pill that looks, tastes, or smells like the real treatment or medication, but is phony
Placebo
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participants arent exposed to the same treatment as as the experimental group
control group
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Participants should not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group
single blind study
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unintended changes in a study participants’ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter
Experimental effects
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the person running the experiment, the one having actual contact with the participants, also does not know who is in which group until the data have been gathered4
Double-blind study
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the careful study of behavior in natural contexts such as schools and the workplace
Field research
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