Chap 3 - The Cell.txt

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Organelles

Basic structural unit of all plants & animals. Membrane enclosing a thick fluid & a nucleus.

The outer covering of a cell; aka. plasma membrane

Able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through. Cell membranes are semipermeable.

The thick fluid that fills a cell; aka. protoplasm

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell

• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes

• Movement
• Conductivity
• Metabolic Absorption
• Secretion
• Excretion
• Respiration
• Reproduction

The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material; in the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane

A high energy compund present in all cells. Energy is stored ATP.

• 1. Cells
• 2. Tissues
• 3. Organs
• 4. Organ Systems
• 5. Organism

A group of cells that perform a similar function.

The protective tissue that lines internal & external body tissues.

Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated.

• Cardiac: heart muscle, spontaneous contraction
• Smooth: intestines & blood vessels, involuntary contraction
• Skeletal: allows movement, voluntary control

Most abundant body tissue, provides support, connection & insulation (i.e. bones, cartilage, fat)

Transmits electrical impulses throughout the body

Group of tissues functioning together (i.e heart, brain, liver)

Group of organs that work together (ie. cardiovascular system - heart, blood vessels, & blood)

• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Gastrointestinal
• Genitourinary
• Reproductive
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Skeletal

The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, & organ systemsof a living being.

Natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady & normal internal environment

Structure of an organism

Functions of an organism; physical & chemical processes of a living thing

Total changes that take place during physiological processes

• Local: at the site of the illness or injury
• Systemic: throughout the body

Body mechanisms that work to reverse/compensate for any pathophysiological process

• Nervous
• Endocrine

The total amount of water in the body at a given time

The fluid inside the body cells

The fluid outside the body cells; comprised of intracellular fluid & interstitial fluid

Fluid within the circulatory system; ie. blood plasma

Fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells & outside the vascular system

Substance that dissolves other substance, forming a solution

Excessive loss of body fluid

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Perspiration
• Peritonitis
• Malnutrition
• Burns
• Open Wounds

• Dry mucus membranes
• Poor skin turgor
• Excessive thrist
• Increased pulse
• Decreased BP
• Infants: anterior fontanelle sunken, dry diapers, no tears

Normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation (tenting of skin when pinched = dehydration)

Presence of retention of an abnormally high amt of body fluid

Substance in water that separates into electrically charged particles

To separate or breakdown into parts

Charged particle

Ion with a positive charge

• Sodium - Na
• Potassium - K
• Calcium - Ca
• Magnesium - Mg

Ion with a negative charge

• Chloride - Cl
• Bicarbonate - HCO
• Phosphate - HPO₄

Substance that tends to perserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions

Equal in concentration of solute molecules

Having a greater concentration of solute molecules

Having a lesser concentration of solute molecules

Difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermable membrane

Movement of molecules thru a membrance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Movement of a substance from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration

Diffusion of a substance that requires the assistance of a 'helper' (aka. carrier mediated diffusion)

Concentration of solute per liter of water

Pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane (tends to 'pull' water from one to the other if hypertonic)

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, present in blood plasma

Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by heartbeat

Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space

potention of Hydrogen; measure of relative acidity or alkalinity

7.35 - 7.45

High concentration of hydrogen ions; pH below 7.35

Low concentration of hydrogen ions; pH above 7.45

• Bicarbonate Buffer system
• Respiration
• Kidney function

Cells of the myocardium need to be negatively charged on the inside. Sodium is on the inside of the cell & actively pumped outside of the cell while potassium ions are pumped into the cell.