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The Thorax
- Thoracic cage : chamber where O2 & CO2 are exchanged
- Consists of: thoracic skeleton, diaphragm, associated musculature
- Location of: heart, major blood vessels, trachea, lungs, bronchi & mediastinum
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Description of ribs - 12 ribs
- 1st - 7th pairs join at the sternum
- 8th - 10th pairs join the cariledge at the 7th rib at inferior margin of the sternum
- 11th - 12th ribs are the floating ribs & have no anterior attachments
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The sternum is made of '3' sections?
- Manubrium: superior portion of the sternum, medial endpoint of the clavicle & 1st rib
- Body of the sternum: angle of Louis,
- Xiphoid process: inferior portion of the sternum
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What is the clinical significance of the angle of Louis?
Attachment of the second rib & the landmark for the second intercostal space - needle decompression of the chest for a tension pneumothorax
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What is the diaphragm?
* Muscular domelike structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
* Major muscle of respiration
* Contracting & moving downward during inspiration
* Relaxing & moving upward during expiration
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Illustration of Diaphramatic Breathing
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What are the major muscles of breathing?
- Intercostal muscles
- Diaphragm
- Sternocleidomastoid muscles
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What happens to systolic BP & HR during inspiration?
Systolic BP & HR decrease
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What happens to BP & HR during expiration?
Systolic BP & HR rise
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What accessory muscles are used during respiration?
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalene muscles of the neck - inspiration
- Anterior abdominal muscles - expiration
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What is the pulmonary hilum?
Central medial region of the lung where the bronchi & pulmonary vasculature enter the lung
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How many lobes does the right have?
- three lobes
- * upper lobe
- * middle lobe
- * lower lobe
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
- 2 lobes
- * upper lobe
- * lower lobe
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