Micro chap 2

the phylum of Gram positive bacteria have high g+c ratios. many of the bacteria have highly pleomorhic shapes with some bacteria growing as long branching filaments that resemble fungal hyphae

a class in the Proteobacteria that includes most of the Proteobacteria capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients. Includes the anaerobic photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria, the agriculturally important symbiotic, nitrogen fixing bacteria, as well as several human and plant pathogens

the kingdom composed of multicellular eukaryotes lacking cell walls

the structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum

Domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by petidoglycan cell walls; bacterium (singular) when referring to a single organism

The phylum of Gram-negative bacteria includes several anaerobic genera and includes the genus Bacteroides, a common inhabitant of the human intestinal tract

Refers to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition, the standard reference for bacterial taxonomic classification. Uses rRNA similarities and differences to determine phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships

a class in the Proteobacteria that often uses nutrients that have diffused from areas of anaerobic decomposition. Includes nitrifying bacteria and several important pathogens

Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daugher cells

the system of having two names (genus and specific epithet) for each organism; also call scientific nomenclature

proposed creating three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) characteristics (1978)

proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in the plant kingdom (1857)

swedish naturalist is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He developed the binomial system of nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals (1735)

the phylum of Gram-negative bacteria consists of obligate, intracellular pathogens that are transmitted by inhalation of aerosols or by direct contact between hosts

a group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called green nonsulfur bacteria)

a group of Gram-negative, anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called green sulfur bacteria) that deposit sulfur outside the cell

a taxonomic group between phylum and order

a group of Gram-negative, aerobic, photosynthetic bacteria (also called blue-green algae) that produce oxygen similar to photosynthesis in algae and plants. Some groups fix atmoshperic nitrogen in specialized cells called hererocysts

a class in the proteobacteria. They include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria, as well as the important sulfur reducing bacteria

a taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level

Includes all prokaryotes that do not have petidoglycan in their cell walls. They often liven in extreme environments and have unusual metabolic processes

Includes prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in the cell wall. All pathogenic prokaryotes belong to this domain. It also includes many nonpathogenic and some photoautotrophic prokaryotes

Includes all eukaryotic organisms: animals, plants, fungi, and protists

introduced the term 'prokaryote' to distinguish cells without a nucleus from those with nuclei (1937)

According to this theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells

The common name for a bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae

The exotoxin that causes gastroenteritis, such as those produced by Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Escherichia

a class in the proteobacteria, these gram-negative bacteria are slender rods that have helical or vibroid shapes and include animal and human pathogens

all eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) ; members of the Domain Eukarya

a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

proposed creating the Kingdom Protista, which would include all unicellular organisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae (1866)

a group of closely related organisms that can interbreed

a taxonomic group between order and genus

this phylum of Gram-positive bacteria have low G+C ratios. They include important endospore-forming bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus as well as non-endospore forming genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus

(plural : fungi) An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph

this phylum consists of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are typically pleomorphic or can be spindle-shaped

the percentage of all DNA base pairs in a genome that are guanin-cytosine base pairs--used to group Gram-positive bacteria into two phylogenetically related groups; the high G+C (>50%) group, Actinobacteria; and the low G+C (<50%) group, Firmicutes

the largest class in the proteobacteria. It includes a great variety of physiological types, members inhabit soils, aquatic habitats or are important mammalian intestinal symbionts, as well as human pathogens

(plural: genera) the first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species

a taxonomic classification between domain and phylum

a taxonomic classification between class and family

a taxonomic classification between kingdom and class

the kingdom composed of multicellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls

a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

a population of cells that share certain rRNA sequences; in conventional biochemical testing , it is a population of cells with similar characteristics

a stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell

Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria that possess a signature rRNA sequence

Term used for unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryotes; usually protozoa and algae

propsed creating the Kingdom Prokaryotae (1968)

founded the five-kingdom concept; with all prokaryotes in the Kingdom Monera and eukaryotes in the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista (1969)

provided the current definition of a prokaryote, cells in which the nuclear material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane (1961)

Ribosomal RNA is present in all cells. Differences in rRNA are used to determine phylogenetic relationships among bacteria

the second or species name in a scientific binomial

Members of this Gram-negative phylum have coiled spring-like shapes, and move through the use of two or more axial filaments lying under the outer sheath. Human pathogens include the genera Treponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme disease)

genetically different cells within a clone

grouping organisms into a series of subdivisions to show relationships: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain

the science of the classification of organisms

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche