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Apothacary
Wiseman, priest, magician, smart person in tribe
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Pharmacopeia
Offical compendum, formulary, a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation
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USP
- Information on pharmaceutical products including, indications, dosage forms, side effects and pharmacology
- Drug substances and preparations
- Dietary ingrediants and supplements
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NF
Popular drugs and preps not admitted originally to the USP, pharmaceutical ingrediants
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International Pharmacopeia
pupished by the World Health Organization (WHO)
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Homepathic Pharmacopeia of the United States
Likes cure like
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FDA
Safety and effectiveness
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Legend drugs
too dangerous for self medications
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Schedule drugs
public abuse
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Recombinat DNA
manipulation of cells protein from lower organism
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Monoclonal Antibody
Manipulation of cells proteins from higher animals including the patient
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Gene therapy
Modification of genetic material of living cells
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Stem cell
self renewing cells
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Somatic cells
end-stage differentiated cells
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goal drug
the ideal drug with full therapeutic effect with no side effects
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Lead Compound
Compound with the desired pharmcologic/biologic activity
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Prodrug
A drug that is inactive until it is metabolized by the body to become pharmcologically active
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Empircal formula
the number of atoms per compound
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Systematic formula
The relative location of the atoms in the compound
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USAN
United States Adopted Names, gives the non-proprietary names
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NDC
National Drug Code, first 4 labelor code, product code, package code
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Clinical Investigator
investigation is conducted according to the signed investigator statement, the investigational plan, and applicable regulations; for protecting the rights, safety, and welfare of subjects
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IRB
Instituitional Review Board (ethics committee)
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Dosage form
is the physical form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption. Common dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, aerosol or inhaler, liquid injection, pure powder or solid crystal
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Crystal Form
Less soluable then the amorphous form
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Amorhphous form
more soluable than the crystal form
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CGMP
Current Good Manufacturerng Practices
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Reaction rate
Drug concentration vs time
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Zero Order Reaction
Drug loss is independant of concentration, contant with time
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First Order Reaction
Drug loss is directly proportional to concentration remaining with respect to time
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Q10
Method of shelf life estimation
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Pharmaceutic ingrediants
excipients, non-therapeutic ingrediants
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ADME
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination
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Pharmacokinetics
- The study of the time course of drug concentration and in tissues
- The study of th rate and extent of absorption/excretion
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Absorption
Dissolution of drug in fluids and entrance into circulation
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Disintegration
tablets/capsule into granules
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Deaggragation
Granules into fine powder
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Wetting
The fine particles get wet int the body fluids
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Dissolution
- Fine particles into liquid
- RATE LIMITING STEP!!
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Solution
Drug in a form of a liquid
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Biologic Membrane
Biomolecule lipid bilayer plus protein layer with water filled pores/channels
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Passive diffusion
The rate of transport across a membrane is prortional to the difference in drug concentration on both sides of the membrane
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Active transport
Dirven against concentration gradient
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Facilatated Diffusion
the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration that is assisted by proteins
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Bioavailability
The rate the extent of absorption and availability of the drug at the actve site
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Bioequivalance
Comparison of bioavailbility
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Orange Book
Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalance evaluations
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Cmax
The maximum concentration of drug in blood
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Tmax
The time it takes to get to the maximum concentration in blood
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AUC
area under the curve, directly proportional to absorption, if the auc is the same then the amount absorbed and excreted is the same
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Distribution
Fate of drug after absorption
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Unbound drug
- Active
- Free to leave the circulation to enter tissues and cellular sites
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Bound Drug
- Inactive
- Is neither metabolized nor filter through the kids
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Metabolism
which in living organisms is the sum of all chemical transformations catalyzed by enzymes and allowing the transformation of biological molecules
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Excretion
termination of drugs activity and presence in the body
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Vd
- Volume of distribution
- Volume of the compartment into which the total amount of drug is distributed
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T1/2
- Half Life
- The time for the blood's concentration of drug to decrease by half
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Cl
- Clearance
- Removal of drug from body
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Dose Regimen
How much and how often
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Empirical Approach
- pg 180
- Administration of a drug in a certain way then observing the therapeutic effect
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Kinetic Approach
Giving single dose then observing ADME
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Powder
Fine particles that can result from the comminution of any dry substances
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Microneritics
the study of particle size
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Partition Coeficient
- pg 108
- Lipid and water soulability
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Comminution
- Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size
- is the process in which solid materials are reduced in size, encompassing crushing, grinding
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Gemometirc dilution
Small amount of potent drugs mixed with other powders
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Spatulation
Blending small amounts of powers by movement of a spatula through them
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Tritruation
Mixing and reduciton of particle size in one size
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Sifting
Fluffy product, mixed by passing thorugh a sifter
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tumbling
the powder in rotating champer
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Granule
Agglomerates of smaller powers, gluing them together
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Wet Method
Blended power + binder agent + sieve of desired mesh + dry at air or oven
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Effervesent
Granules or course powder with effervesent mixture
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Drug stability
Mechanism of degradation
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Capsule
a solid dosag form in which unit dose of powder, semisolid, or liquid drugs are enclosed with
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