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Explain how carbons valence determines the kinds and number of bonds carbon will form.
- Carbon has a valence of 4.
- Carbon usually forms single or double covalent bonds.
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Describe how carbon skeletons may vary. How does this variation contribute to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
- The skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings.
- Some carbon skeletons have double bonds, which vary in number and location.
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Recognize the major functional groups. Describe the chemical properties of organic molecules in which they occur.
- hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phospate, and methyl.
- page 64/65
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Describe how organic monomers are linked into organic polymers by dehydration/condesation synthesis recations.
- Dehydration-Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule.
- Condensation- to break using water.
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Describe how organic polymers are broken down into organic monomers by hydrolosis decompostion reactions.
The bond between the monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with the hydrogen from the water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl group attaching to the adjacent monomer.
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What are the four major classes of organic macromolecules found in organisms? describe their general structure. Describe the monomers of each of these macromolecules.
- Carbohydrates- sugars, polysaccharides, starches,glycogen, cellulose.
- Protiens-polypeptides
- Fats- saturated, unsaturated, trans, phospholipids, steroids.
- Nucleic Acids- polymers made of monomers called necleotides.
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Decribe the properties, structure, and function of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- monosaccharides-CH2O or variations of it.
- disaccharides- covalent bond between two monosaccharides.
- polysaccharides- macromolecules, polymers with a few hundres to a few thousand monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages.
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Fat, phospholipids, steroids.
- Fat- is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. usually 16-18 carbons in length. Carbon at one end is part of the carboxyl group.
- Phospholipids-
- Steroids-
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