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How did the Peace of Augsburg settle the German rulers religious differences?
- Allowing each prince to determine the religion of his subjects brought peace temporarily.
- Germany allowed Lutherans and Catholics, but not Calvinists.
- German princes watch each other suspiciously.
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What happened when Lutheran and Catholic princes felt threatened by Calvinism?
Preotestant League vs. Catholic League
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Why did German Protestant Princes challenge Ferrdinand II?
- He was untrusted as a foreigner and Catholic.
- He closed some Protestant churces -> Protestant revolts -> Ferdinand sent army to crush revolt.
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What was the Thirty Years' War?
- Over religion and territory; and for power among ruling families of Europ.
- Divided in half by: Hapsburg triumphs and defeats.
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How did the Hapsburgs triumph in the first 12 years?
- Austria/Spain crushed Protestant armies.
- Put down Czech uprising and German supporters.
- Ferdinand paid army by allowing them to plunder German towns.
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How did the tide of the war change in 1630?
Gustavus Adolphus (Swede) drove Hapsburg armies out of Germany.
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How did Richelieu and Mazarin dominate the remaining years of the war?
- Feared the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants.
- Didn't want anyone else to have as much power as the France king.
- Sent French troops to aid Germany and Sweden Protestants.
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What damage was caused by the war?
- Population dropped: 20 million to 16 million.
- Trade and agriculture disrupted.
- Germany's economy destroyed.
- Prevented unification until 1800s.
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What were the terms of the Peace of Westphalia?
- Weakened Spain and Austria.
- Strengthened France with German land.
- Freed German princes from Holy Roman Empire.
- Ended religious wars in Europe.
- Created new peace negotiation process involving all paritcipants.
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What was the most important result of the war?
The modern state system of equal and independent states was created.
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How was the economy of central Europe different from that of western Europe?
- Serfs moved to towns to join middle-class.
- Aided developement of commercial revolution and capitalism.
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Why did landowning aristocrats in central Europe restrict serfs' freedom?
Wanted serfs to produce large harvests for big profits.
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How did landowning nobles in central Europe block the developement of strong kings?
- Nobles elected king and limited his power.
- Allowed no income, no law courts, no standing army.
- No unified state.
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How was the Holy Roman Empire seriously weakened?
Lost obedience of German states.
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What happened after a power vacuum was left in central Europe?
German families attempted to become absolute rulers.
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What steps did the Hapsburgs of Austria take to become absolute monarchs?
- Reconquered Bohemia -> crushed Protestantism and installed Czech nobility loyal to Hapsburgs.
- Centralized government and standing army.
- Took Hungary from Ottoman Empire.
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Why was Charles VI's empire difficult to rule?
Diversity within the borders: Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, Germans.
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How did the Hapsburgs make sure the continued to rule all those lands?
Charles VI pressured European rulers to recognize Maria Theresa as his heir.
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What threatened to upset central Europe's delicate balance of power?
- Prussia's rise to power in the late 1600s.
- The Hohenzollerns had ambitions.
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How did Frederick Wiliam ensure safety in Brandenburg?
Created a strong army.
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How did the Great Elector move toward absolute monarchy?
- Built an army of 80,000 men.
- Introduced permanent taxation.
- Called themselves kings.
- Weakened the representative assemblies of their territories.
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Why was Prussia a highly militarized society?
King Frederick William I bought the Junkers cooperation by allowing them to be officers in his army.
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What did Frederick the Great do when he came to the throne?
- Followed his father's military policies.
- Encouraged religious toleration and legal reform.
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How did Frederick's desire for Silesia lead to the War of the Austrian succession?
- Frederick wanted Silesia because it produced iron ore, textiles, and food products.
- He underestimated Maria Theresa's strength.
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How did Prussia become a major European power?
Won Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
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How did Maria Theresa's alliance with France cause a diplomatic revolution?
- Austria and Prussia switched allies.
- Russia began playing a role in European affairs.
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What was the Seven Years' War?
- Every great European power was involved.
- Territorial situation did not change in Europe.
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How were the British the real victors of the war?
- Gained France's colonies in North America.
- Gained sole economic domination of India.
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