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General function of Frontal Lobe
Consists of higher-order heteromodal association cortex (Mostly prefrontal cortex). The frontal lobe is important in restraining behaviors, initiative, order & sequence.
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Function of Broca’s Area
Region of speech production in dominant hemisphere (95% right-handers and 70% left-handers).
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Frontal Sulci
Superior and Inferior; divide the 3 frontal gyri.
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Motor Homunculus
Located in the Precentral Gyrus; it represents body regions in the Primary Motor cortex; point of origin of the corticospinal tract
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Central Sulcus
Separates pre- from post-central gyrus.
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General function of Temporal Lobe
Auditory perception, language perception; plays a key role in the formation of long-term memories (via the hippocampus).
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Function of Lateral Sulcus
It separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
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Function of Wernicke’s Area
Comprehension of language in the dominant hemisphere; it encircles the primary auditory cortex.
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Function of Primary Auditory Cortex
Process auditory input, including volume and pitch.
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Function of the Insula
It is the interoceptive center; regulation of emotions, autonomic, motor and sensory processing.
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General Function of the Parietal Lobe
It integrates sensory information, including modalities that determine spatial relationships.
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Function of the Somatosensory Cortex
The sensory homunculus is present in the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2).
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Postcentral sulcus
Posterior to the Post-central gyrus.
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Intraparietal sulcus
Horizontal and Oblique portions; cortical areas surrounding it are involved in numerical, spatial and symbols perception.
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General Function of the Occipital Lobe and Visual Cortex
Processing of visual input, including color, frequency of electromagnetic waves, and spatial relationships.
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Function of the Corpus Callosum
Largest cerebral commissural fiber bundle; interconnects the cerebral hemispheres.
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Function of the Cingulate Gyrus
Involved in Limbic circuitries (including Papez).
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Paracentral gyri
Supplementary motor area (involve in motor planning).
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Marginal Sulcus
Separates the paracentral gyri from the Precuneus.
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Precuneus
Regulates visuospatial imagery; episodic memory; visual imagery of self.
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Parieto-Occipital sulcus
Separates the Parietal and Occipital Lobes.
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Cuneus
Provides with basic visual processing.
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Calcarine Sulcus
Primary visual cortex location.
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Straight Gyrus
Part of the frontal lobe; function is unclear.
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Olfactory Sulcus
Groove occupied by Olfactory Nerve.
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Olfactory Nerve
C.N. I. Provides olfaction; purely sensory.
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Optic Nerve
C.N. II. Conveys visual input; purely sensory. Nasal fibers of C.N.II decussate at the chiasm, and becomes the optic tract.
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Orbital Gyri
- Associated with vagal processing.
- Inferior Temporal Gyrus: Involved in complex visual processing.
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Occipitotemporal gyri
Involved in visual processing; recognition of face and body.
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Parahippocampal Gyrus
Processing of visual background and scenery.
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Uncus
Anterior flexure of the Parahippocampal gyrus. Point of origin of seizures with olfactory hallucinations.
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Perforated Substances
Gray matter with multiple openings for arteries supplying internal capsule and other structures.
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