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Define sociology
Explaining and understanding human behavior. and analyzing and exploring the issues of our personal lives, society, and world.
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Three Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective
- Individuals are, by their nature, social beings.
- Individuals are, for the most part, socially determined.
- Individuals create, sustain, and change the social forms within which they conduct.
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Social Determinism
The assumption that human behavior is explained exclusively by social factors (we are not exactly the way that everyone else sees us).
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What does it mean to say that our individual identities are socially bestowed?
Our identities come from how we are social with other people
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The Sociological Imagination
- Stimulated by a willingness to view the social world from the perspective of others.
- The ability to see the societal patterns that influence individuals, families, groups, and organizations.
- To develop, that person must be willing to question the structural arrangements that shape social behavior.
- When a person has this imagination, they begin to see solutions to social problems.
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Sociological Theory
A set of ideas that explains a range of human behavior and a variety of social and societal events (Micro, Meso, Macro).
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Value Neutrality
An adherence that strengthens the social power of sociologists.
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Four sources of data
- Survey research
- Experiments
- Ovservations
- Existing data
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Survey sample
a survey of a population made by using only a portion of the population
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Variables
An attitude, behavior, or condition that can vary in magnitude and significance from case to case
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Independent variables
the experimental factor that is manipulated
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Dependent variables
the behavior or mental process that is being measured
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Micro
small group, social psychology
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Meso
Organizations, churches and company
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Macro
Large groups, nations, cities, and states ect.
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Social organization
the ways in which human conduct becomes socially organized
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social structure
the structure of behavior in groups of society
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culture
the shared beliefs of group members that unite them and guide their behavior
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Aggregate
a collection of individuals who happen to be at the same place at the same time
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two types of social groups
primary and secondary
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primary groups
a group of members that are the most intimately involved with each other
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secondary groups
a group that is larger then primary groups and is more impersonal
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social interaction
the behavior of a person affects the behavior of another person
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social action
one behavior is oriented toward others
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social relationships
a case of enduring social interaction
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norms
rules that specify appropriate and inappropiate behaviors in groups
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sanctions
how we respond to violations of norms (expectations). negative sanction is like getting a parking ticket
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folkways
informal expectations
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mores
formal expectations
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status
the position that we occupy in each organization that we are a part of
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Achieved status
status that is achieve be personal effort
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Ascribed status
status that you are born with
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social role
normative expectations that are attached to a status
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role conflict
norms of 2 or more statuses are difficult to satisfy at the same time
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role strain
a person has difficulty achieving expectations in a single status
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bureaucracy
a hierarchical formal organization characterized by rationality and efficiency
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Mcdonaldization
the increasing bureaucratization in social life
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the iron cage of rationality
a bureaucracy that can be de humanizing
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5 ways groups affect us (power of social group)
- probability of suicide
- perceptions
- convictions
- health and life
- behavior
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3 types of suicide
- egoistive
- altruistice
- anomic
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Egoistic suicide
occurs when an individual has minimal ties to a social group
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altruistic suicide
occurs when a group is highly cohesive and the member is oriented
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anomic suicide
occurs in a situation of raid change
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society
the largest social organization to which people owe their allegiance. or an aggregate of people united by a common culture
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social instituation
a system that helps improve society and its problems
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social scientific analysis
social science is the field of scholarship that studies society
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