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anatomy
- literally, to cut apart
- deals with structure
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anatomy types
- gross - visible to the naked eye
- micro - microscopic aka histology
- regional - eg hand, hind limb
- systemic - eg endocrine, cardiovascular
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histology
study of tissues
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physiology
- deals with function
- how things work in a living system
- common to a species (species specific)
- unique to an individual
- electrical phenomenon - eg using defib to revive animal
- chemical reactions turn into life
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Systems
- macroscopic level of function - see by looking @ animal
- composed of organs with related function
- eleven recognized systems
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Digestive System
- main components - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas anus
- main functions - food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
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Circulatory System
- main components - heart, blood vessels, blood
- main functions - internal distribution of materials
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Respiratory System
- main components - lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
- main functions - Gas exchange - uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide
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Immune and Lymphatic System
- main components - bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
- main functions - Body defense - fighting infections and cancer
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Excretory System
- main components - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- main functions - disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
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Endocrine System
- main components - pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, other hormone-secreting glands
- main functions - coordination of body activities - eg digestion, metabolism
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Reproductive System
- main components - ovaries, testes, associated organs
- main functions - reproduction
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Nervous System
- main components - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
- main functions - coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them
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Integumentary System
- main components - skin and its derivatives (eg, hair, claws, skin glands)
- main functions - protection against mechanincal injury, infection, drying out; thermoregulation
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Skeletal System
- main components - skeleton - bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
- main functions - body support, protection of internal organs
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Muscular System
- main components - skeletal muscles
- main functions - movement, locomotion
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Anatomical planes
- bipeds different than quadupeds
- sagittal - divides the body into left and right
- median - aka mid-sagittal - divides the body into equal left and right halves
- transverse - divides the body into cranial (head end) and caudal (tail end)
- dorsal for quadrupeds - divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly)
- frontal for bipeds - same as dorsal for quadrupeds
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Directional terms
- related to the anatomical planes
- bipeds different than quadupeds
- usually paired in relation to an anatomical plane
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cranial/caudal
toward head/tail from transverse plane
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dorsal/ventral
toward back/belly from dorsal plane
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rostral/caudal
toward nose/tail on the head from the transverse plane
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cranial/caudal
on limbs, toward head/tail from transverse plane (front/back of limb)
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medial/lateral
on limbs, toward median/away from median from median plane of limb
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dorsal/palmar
on front feet, toward back/ground from dorsal plane on foot as it normally rests on ground
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dorsal/plantar
on rear feet, toward back/ground from dorsal plane on foot as it normally rests on ground
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proximal/distal
on extremities, toward/away from body
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General Body Plan
- all mammals laid out the same with minor variations
- bilaterlly symmetrical
- paired organs - eg lungs, kidneys, eyes
- single organs - along the midline - eg heart, bladder, nose
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Dorsal body cavities
- bounded (completely defined) by the bones of the axial skeleto
- cranium (cranial cavity) - houses the brain and is bounded by the bones of the skull
- spinal canal - houses the spinal cord and is bounded by the vertebrae
- if injured have inflammation => swelling; if tightly bound will destroy cells
- this is why we drill holes in skull/remove discs to allow swelling without undo pressure
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Ventral body cavities
- separated by diaphragm (in mammals, not birds) - skirt steak is diaphragm
- thoracic cavity - pleura - visceral and parietal
- abdominal cavity - peritoneum - visceral and parietal
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Thoracic cavity contents
- heart
- lungs
- pleura
- pericardial membranes
- mediastinum - anchor heart and blood vessels to diaphragm along midline; incomplete in dogs, so pleural fluid can go side to side; not cats
- great vessels - vena cava, aorta
- esophagus
- nerves - most important is vagus nerve
- fluid - to dissipate heat and prevent friction from membranes
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Pleura
- parietal pleura - attached to body wall
- visceral pleura - attached to organ
- pleural space - tiny bit of fluid in here so organs don't stick when move
- membranes are about the thickness of saran wrap
- pleuresy - pleura swell and stick together; see mostly in older ladies, not usually in mammals
- pleural effusion - excess fluid in the pleural space
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Diaphragm
- separates thoracic from abdominal cavity
- muscle - under parasympathetic control (autonomic nervous system)
- powers respiration
- spasm = hiccoughs - imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
- curare paralyzes the diaphragm
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Abdominal cavity contents
- Gastro-intestinal system - stomach, small and large intestines, accessory organs (eg liver, pancreas)
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Great vessels - aorta runs along spine - can stick finger on it to stop bleeding in surgery
- Acessory organs - liver, pancreas
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Membranes in abdominal cavity
- Peritoneum - membrane that keeps everything slippery; not as much movement as thorax
- visceral peritoneum - adhered to organs
- parietal peritoneum - adheres to body wall
- peritonitis - infection of parietal space
- retro peritoneum - literally, behind peritoneum; contains kidneys to prevent infection spread if they leak
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Anatomical levels of organization
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
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Cells
- Fundamental unit of life - prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- site of health - origin of disease
- all illness occurs here
- Grow
- Respond to stimuli
- Absord food
- Eliminate waste
- Can't get too big - surface area to volume ratio can't get to great or cell can't feed itself or support structures
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Tissues
- Groups of cells working together to achieve a function
- Four basic tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
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Epithelium (Epithelial tissue)
- Covers and lines the body - skin, membranes
- Secretes and excretes - sebum, sweat, milk, other glands that make stuff (thyroid, ovaries, etc)
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Connective tissue
- Holds the body together
- Offers protection and support to other tissues
- Composed of cells (widely spaced), fibers, matrix
- Matrix - liquid, semi-liquid or solid; cells and fiber float in this
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Muscle tissue
3 types - skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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Skeletal muscle tissue
moves the bones and is under concious control
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Cardiac muscle tissue
- makes up the heart
- no concious control
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Smooth muscle tissue
- found in internal organs (hollow)
- under autonomic control
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Nervous tissue
- transmit information
- controls body function
- composed of cells called neurons
- if not functioning, nothing else will work
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Organs
- Groups of tissues that work together to perform a function
- Often hollow
- Composed of layers of tissues - very thin; always in the following order
- 1. Internal lining (epithelial)
- 2. Muscularis (muscle)
- 3. Tunica (connective tissue)
- 4. Serosa (outer layer - epithelium)
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Systems
- Groups of organs involved in a common set of activities
- most complex level of organization
- removing an entire system has a profound impact on the body, eg getting fat after spay
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Health
- begins a the cellular level
- homeostasis - stay the same (active state, stuff is changing, but keeping in balance)
- dynamic (active) equilibrium
- negative feedback loops - eg lay in sun, temp goes up, pant and move out of sun, temp down
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