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lkorkowski
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What is heart failure?
The reduce ability of the heart to pump blood
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What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium
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What is bradycardia?
Heart rate of less than 60 BPM
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
- 1. Epicardium (outer layer)
- 2. Myocardium (muslce)
- 3. Endocardium (inner layer)
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Where is the anterior surface of the heart located?
behind the sternum and ribs
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What is the fibrous pericardium made of and what is its function?
- Made of dense irregular connective tissue
- Protects the heart
- Anchor the heart
- Prevents overstretching of the heart
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Name the Semilunar Valves and thier location?
- Aortic Semilunar Valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
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What are the 3 factors affecting stroke volume?
- 1. Preload (end diastolic volume) the amt. of blood left in the ventricles at the end of the diastole phase before contraction
- 2. Afterload - Diastolic blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk before ventricle eject into it
- 3. Contraction force - cardiac contractile muscles (how strong the heart is)
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What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in 1 minute
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What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle?
- 1. Contractile Cardiac Muscle (myocardium)
- 2. Autorythmic Cardiac Muscle (self excitable, heart pacemaker, conduction system)
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What is the SA node?
- The pacemaker
- Spontaneously depolarizing producing a normal sinus rhythm
- Action potential (cardiac impulse) goes thru conduction system into contractile cardiac muscle cells
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What are the ECG waves?
- 1. P wave = atrial depolarization
- 2. QRS complex = ventricular depolarization
- 3. T wave = ventricular repolarization
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What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected each beat
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In ventricular contraction which AV/SL valves are open and which are closed?
- AV valves close
- SL valves open
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What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Narrowing of the coronary arteries
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What is ischemia?
Decreased blood flow to the tissues
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What is the cardiac inhibitory center?
- The BRAKE
- Parasympathetic impulses
- Secreting acetylcholine
- Decreases heart rate
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Where is the base of the heart located?
Upward and to the right
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Where is the apex of the heart located?
Downward and points left
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What are the names of the 6 coronary circulation veins?
- 1. Anterior Cardiac Vein
- 2. Posterior Cardiac Vein
- 3. Middle Cardiac Vein
- 4. Small Cardiac Vein
- 5. Great Cardiac Vein
- 6. Coronary Sinus
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Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum
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What are arrhythmias?
Irregularity of heart rhythm
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What are the names of the 2 main ateries and the 4 smaller arteries of the coronary circulation?
- 1. Right Coronary Artery
- Marginal Branch
- Posterior Interventricular Branch
- 2. Left Coronary Artery
- Circumflex Branch
- Anterior Interventricular Branch
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What is diastole?
The heart muscle in the relaxation phase
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What are the names of the AV valves and their location?
- Tricuspid Valve - between the Right atrium and ventricle
- Bicuspid Valve or Mitral Valve between the Left atrium and ventricel
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What are the ECG intervals?
- P-Q interval (SA node to AV bundle)
- Q-T interval (time for both ventricular depolatization and repolarization)
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What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain
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What is systole?
Heart muscle contraction phase
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What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?
Loss of living heart muscle cells
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Name the steps in one cardiac cycle?
- 1. Artial & ventricular diastole (relax) (ventricles fill 70%)
- 2. Atrial systole (contract) (completion of ventricular filling)
- 3. Ventricular systole (contract) (AV valves closes (lubb sound)) (s1 sound) (SL valve opens 50-60% of blood ejected)
- 4. Atrial & ventricular diastole (relax) (SL valve close (dubb sound)) (s2 sound)
- and repeat!
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What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of arteries with out without thickening of arterial walls
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How long does 1 cardiac cycle take?
0.8 seconds
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What is arteriosclerosis?
Thickening of arterial walls
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What is Asystole?
- Cardiac standstill
- No contraction
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Where does the inferior surface of the heart rest?
On the diaphragm
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What is tachycardia?
rapid heart beat of over 100 BPM
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In ventricular relaxation which AV/SL are open and which are close?
- AV valves are open
- SL valves are close
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What is the Cardiac Acceleratory Center?
- The ACCELERATOR
- Sympathetic impulses secreting norepinehrine to increase the heart rate.
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What is the serous pericarduim and what are the names of its layers?
- Thin delicate membrance
- Parietal layer (outer) (pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid)
- Visceral layer (epicardium)
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Name the 5 steps of the conduction system?
- 1. Sinoatrial node in the right atrium starts the heart beat
- 2. Atrioventricular node has a short delay and then send signal to the atrioventricular bundle
- 3. AV bundle (bundle of His) receives the signal from the AV node
- 4. Right and Left bundle branches send signal to each ventricle
- 5. Purkinje fibers spread the signal through ventricles
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