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What steps use ATP?
- Glucose --> G6P (hexokinase)
- F6P --> F-1,6,BP (PFK-1)
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What steps yield ATP?
- 1,3,BPG --> 3-PG (phosphoglycerol kinase)
- PEP --> Pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
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What step yields NADH?
GAP --> 1,3,BPG (GAP-DH)
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What are the regulatory steps?
- Glucose --> G6P (hexokinase)
- Fructose-6-P --> F-1,6-P (PFK-1)
- PEP --> Pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
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How is hexokinase regulated?
(-) G6P
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How is PFK-1 regulated?
- (-) ATP and citrate
- (+) ADP, AMP and F-2,6,-biphosphate
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How is pyruvate kinase regulated?
- (-) ATP, alanine
- (+) F-1,6-BP
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What does biphosphoglycerate mutase do?
- Coverts 1,3 BPG to 2,3 BPG
- Converts 2,3 BPG to 3 PG
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What is the difference regarding Km and affinities for glucose between hexokinase and glucokinase:
- Hexokinase: Low Km and high affinity for glucose
- Glucokinase: High Km and low affinity for glucose
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Does hexokinase or glucokinase have a higher Vmax and what does that mean?
Glucokinase has a higher Vmax and it means it will have a higher turnover rate from glucose to G6P to regulate glucose concentration in the blood.
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What is interesting about the brain isozyme of pyruvate kinase?
It has no allosteric sites for regulation
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Explain glucagon effect on glycolysis?
- Low Food - High Glucagon
- High cAMP
- High protein kinase A
- Phosphorylated PFK-2
- Low F-2,6-BPG
- Low PFK-1
- Low Glycolysis
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In what state is PFK-2 active?
Dephosphorylated State
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Where does a pyruvate kinase deficiency manifest?
RBC
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What occurs in a pyruvate kinase deficiency and why?
- Hemolytic anemia
- Membrane transporters are not function and H2O enters the cell
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In times of low O2, what happens to the Pyruvates via what enzyme?
- Converted to Lactate to recycle the NAD+
- Lactate dehydrogenase
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What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?
- Alanine
- TCA
- Oxaloacetate via Pyruvate Carboxylase
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What 2 enzymes exist as isozymes within glycolysis?
- Hexokinase
- Pyruvate Kinase
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What type of energy formation is utilized within tumors and why?
- Glycolysis
- Due to poor vasculature
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