test review

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous

fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof

• Bone Marrow
• Liver
• Spleen
• Kidneys
• Blood

• Myeloblasts
• Monoblasts
• Lymphoblasts

• Granulocytes
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils

the process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot

• Synarthroses- immovable
• Amphiarthroses- very limited movement
• Diarthroses- free movement( monaxial, biaxial, triaxial

connects bone to bone

attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move

attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts

• Cervical-7
• Thoracic- 12
• Lumbar- 5
• Sacral- 5
• Coccygeal- 3 to 5

Atlas- permits nodding

Axis- side to side

• Dura mater (outer most layer)
• Arachnoid (middle web like layer)
• Pia mater (bottom layer)

L1 or L2

• 12 pair
• First 7 connect the sternum
• 8-10 connect to number 7
• 11, 12 free floating

• Right lung has 3 lobes
• left has 2

Consist of the brain and Spinal Cord

Comprised of the crainial nerves and the peripheral neves

• Somatic nervous system- we control
• Autonomic Nervous System - involuntary

• Parasympathetic- Feed or Breed
• Sympathetiic- Fight or Flight

• Dendrites
• Soma
• Axon
• Synaptic Terminals

In resting state positive on the outside and negitive on the inside

• two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum
• governs all sensory and motor actions
• the seat of intelligences, learning, analysis, memory and lenguage

• sometimes called the interbrain
• Inside it are the: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the limbic system

Relay and processing centers for sensory information

Centers controlling smotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

• processing of visual and auditory data
• generation of incoluntary somatic motor response
• maintenance of consciousness

• Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
• Involuntary somatic and visceral motor centers

• Relays sensory information to the thalamus
• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiocascular, respiratory, and digestive system)

coordinates fine motor movement, posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone

brain recieves about 20% of body's total blood flow. Both the carotid system and vertebrobasilar system join at this point

areas in the CNS dominated by nerve cell bodies, center of spinal cord and plays an important role in the reflex system

material that surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord made up largely of axons

31

• Cervical- controls the diaphragm
• Brachial- controls muscles
• Lumbar- lower abdomen, glutes, thighs
• Sacral- Lower extremity

topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root

muscle and tissue of the body innervated by a spinal nerve root

• Somatic Sensory- nerves transmit sensations involved in touch, pressure, pain, temp., and position
• Somatic motor- these efferent fibers carry impulses to the skeletal muscles
• Visceral sensory- these afferent tracts transmit sensations from visceral organs. such as a full bladder
• Visceral motor- these efferent fibers exit the CNS and branch to supply nerves to the involuntary cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

• Epinephrine(80%)
• Norepinephrine(20%)

• Adrenergic
• Alpha 1- peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction, and stimulation of metaabolism
• Alpha 2- serve to prevent overrelease of norepinephrine in the synapse
• Beta 1- cause increase heart rate, cardiac contractile force, and cardiac automaticity and conduction
• Beta 2- cause vasodilation and bronchodilation
• Dopaminergic- cause dilation of the renal, coronary and cerebral arteries

3, 7, 9, 10

Acetylcholine

• Nicotinic(n)- found in all autonomic ganglia, where ACh serves as the presynpatic neurotransmitter of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
• Nicotinic(m)- found at the neuromuscular junction and initiate muscular contraction as part of the somatic nervous system
• Muscarinic- found in many organs throughout the body and are primarily responsible for promoting the parasympathetic response

• Hypothalamus cells act both as nerve cells and gland cells
• Nerve impulses travel to the posterior pituitart gland
• Horomones travel to the anterior pituitart gland

• Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
• Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
• Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
• Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

*All target the anterior pitutitary*

Respondes to nerve impluses from hypothalamus

• Antidiuretic hormone- kidneys (water absorbson)
• Oxytocin- uterus and breast of females

Responds to hormones

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Targets the adrenal cortexes
• Thyroide-stimulating hormone (TSH)- targets the thyroide
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- targets gonads
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)- targets gonads
• Prolactin (PRL)- target the mammary glads in women
• Growth Hormone (GH)- targets almost all body cells

two lobes one on either side of trachea

• Thyroxine(T4)- stimulate cell metabolism
• Triiodothyronine(T3) stimulate cell metabolism
• Calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels

normally 4 are located on the posterior lateral surface of the thyroid

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- increase blood calcium levels

larger in children but shrinks by adulthood

Thymosin- promotes maturation of T Lymphocytes (responsible for cell immunity)

contain both endocrine and exocrine tissues

• exocrine- known as acini secrete digestive enzymes essential to digestion of fats and prooteins
• Endocrine tissue is known as islets of langerhans three most important endocrine cells are, alpha, beta, delta
• Alpha and beta produce glucagon, insulin

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, primarily by the liver cells

conversion of protein and fat to form glucose

"Adrenal Cortex" - consists of endocrine tissue

• secretes three classes of steroidal hormones
• Glucocorticoides
• Mineralocorticoids
• Androgenic

• "adrenal medulla" - cells behave as both nerve and gland
• responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

• responsible for the sexual maturation of puberty and repoduction
• ovaries produce- estrogen and progesterine
• Testes produce- testosterone

located on root of the thalamus

• biological clock
• seasonal affective disorder